III. The Revolutions of 1848 and their aftermath Flashcards
Lola Mantez
Irish dancer with whom Louis I became infatuated. She influenced his cabinet and made him pass liberal and anti-Jesuit policies. Led to a downfall of his regime 1848.
Lamartine
Alphonse de Lamartine. French poet and statesman, key figure in the romantic movement in French literature. Enters politics 1830, never committed to July monarchy. In 1830s and 1840s said that a workers’ revolution was inevitable. After the 1848 revolution, he became head of the provisional government. Elected in April 1848, but the landed class was appalled to discover he was a genuine socialist. June 1848 - thrown out of office and revolt crushed.
Friedrich List
German-American economist, supported free exchange of goods domestically. Advocate of the Zollverein. Sought to abolish tariff barriers within German states. US Consul in Dresden from 1834. Involved in Leipzig-Dresden railway 1837. Persuasive propaganda leads forces to accept the railways, and companies start building.
Zollverein
- German Customs Union. Established under Prussian leadership. Created a free trade area throughout much of Germany, often seen as an important step in German reunification.
Mazzini
Italian revolutionary. Example of ties of revolution and romanticism. Devotion to literature competes with source of politics. Joins Carbonari - 1831 founds ‘Young Italy’. Champion of Italian Unity.
Palmerston
British Whig statesman, Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister.
Foreign Secretary under Earl Grey. Represents interests of landed classes. Believed in foreign policy of ‘missionary diplomacy’, exporting liberalism, thought minor revolts should be tolerated to avoid worse ones. 1830: independent, constitutional Belgium and ‘scrap of paper’. Post-revolutions he was critical of counterrevolutionary cruelty.
Radetzky
Austrian field marshall and military reformer.
Headed counter-offensive against Piedmont and Italian nationalists. Britain and France mediate to save Piedmont form invasion. He was retired, and called back into service to suppress revolution. He had been one of the most efficient and talented field commanders in the Napoleonic wars, idealised by troops. [Strauss’ Radetzky March]
Frankfurt Parliament
1848-49
German national parliament set up in the Paulskirche. Tried and failed to create a unified German state during the revolutions of 1848. Clear that it only had power granted by governments of individual states. Constant problem of Grossdeutsche- or Kleindeutschelösung. Begins to disintegrate after Frederick William IV refuses the offer of the crown.
Schwarzenberg
Austrian statesman. Restored the Habsburg empire as a great power after 1848. Switches Ferdinand I for Francis Joseph I. Replaces the liberal constitution with the Schwarzenberg reactionary constitution. Empire unitary, absolutist extensive imperial powers, elimination of powers of historic pledges. Insurgent Hungarians crushed with Russia’s help. Blocks any attempt at German unification including Prussia, with Russia’s help.
Kossuth
Political reformer who lead Hungary’s struggle for independence against Austria. Period of power ended by Russia.
Carlo Alberto
King of Sardinia-Piedmot 1831-49.
Appointed regent briefly after 1821 coup (cousin of King with liberal sympathies). Inherits the crown 1831. Monarchist, anti-Austrian. Does not pardon fellow revolutionaries. But still considers himself the popular liberator of Italy. Involved in the Milanese revolution -> war on Austria -> break armistice -> defeat, abdication, exile to Portugal
Blanqui
Revolutionary socialist, legendary martyr figure of French radicalism under the July Monarchy. Took part in the 1830 uprising. The suppression of the rights of association in 1834 impelled him to set up a new secret society powerful enough to secure political ends but secret enough to evade espionage. Helped organise and lead the 1839 rising. Imprisoned until the 1848 revolution set him free again.
Chartism
Working class movement in Britain for parliamentary reform. A pursuit of democratic rights to improve social conditions. 1838 William Lovett draws up the ‘People’s Charter’. Raised the principle of the sovereignty of the people. Found mass support among the industrial north. Its periods of greatest activity coincided with periods of economic depression and distress. Shook the complacency of Victorian England, gave eventual impetus to further reforms.
Irish famine
1945-49
A failure of the potato crop in successive years in Ireland due to a blight. Irish were forced to continue exporting their harvest to Britain despite mass starvation and extreme poverty. Resulted in mass emigration to the New World. Allows Peel to have a legitimate reason to repeal the corn laws.
