IV. Rise of Nationalism and the Unifications of Germany and Italy Flashcards
Bismarck
Prussian PM 1862-90, German Chancellor 1871-90
Responsible for the unification of Germany by fighting various wars with neighbouring powers, rallying the Germans. Actively and skilfully pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, and preserved peace in Europe. Authoritarian domestic policies.
William I
Emperor of Germany 1871-1888 who installed Bismarck as prime minister in 1862. Bismarck persuaded the German princes to offer William I the title of emperor, which he was proclaimed in Versailles in 1871.
Cavour
a liberal, devout Piedmontese who wanted an enhanced Piedmont moreso than a unified Italy. He desired a constitutional monarchy and a free market but was opposed to Mazzinian republicanism. He had a military and diplomatic strategy that involved isolating Austria, enlisting France and going to war with Austria, while excluding Rome. He managed to unify northern and central Italy.
Victor Emmanuel II
The King of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a unified Italy. He turned the government over to Cavour who worked to make him King of Italy, and also secretly encouraged Garibaldi to conquer Sicily and Naples. Later he managed to acquire Venezia in 1866 and Rome in 1870.
Sedan
1870 - decisive defeat of the French Army in the Franco-German war, led to the fall of the Second French Empire. Germany annexed Alsace and Lorraine.
Paris Commune
An insurrection of Paris against the French government from March - May 1871 in the weak of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. The subsequent collapse of the Second Empire made republicans worry the Versailles government may try to restore the monarchy. Communes were suppressed quickly elsewhere, Paris alone faced the opposition of the government. But the insurgents were unable to organise themselves and government troops entered an undefended section of Paris. In the Bloody Week that followed, the Commune was crushed, and the government took harsh repressive action.
Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi: Italian patriot and republican, who conquered Sicily and Naples with his guerrilla redshirts to help unify Italy. For this he had no government backing but was not stopped because he was a popular hero. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel offered assistance only if he was successful.
Alexander II
son of Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia 1855-81
His liberal education and distress at the outcome of the Crimean war (which had demonstrated Russia’s backwardsness) inspired him to enact great domestic reforms designed to bring Russia in line with the West. Foremost among these was the 1861 emancipation of the serfs but also large-scale building of railways. A period of repression after 1866 led to a resurgence of revolutionary terrorism and to his own assassination.
Florence Nightingale
English nurse during Crimean war; her work improved nursing and medical services and was one lasting positive outcome of the war. She is known as the foundational philosopher of modern nursing.
Ems telegram
a report of a telegram exchange between King William I and the French ambassador, purposely altered and published by Bismarck so as to offend the French government and provoke impetus for the ensuing Franco-Prussian war of 1870. It also helped enlist the southern German states to fight on Prussia’s side in the war, resulting in the eventual unification of modern Germany.
Gladstone
British statesman and four times Prime Minister; political nemesis of Disraeli. He introduced a series of reforms in Britain during his first administration in 1886-74. He was opposed to the scramble for Africa and to Turkey’s atrocities in Bulgaria. He was in favour of Irish Home Rule.
Königgrätz
Decisive battle in Austria during the Seven Weeks’ War between Prussia and Austria. Prussia’s victory effected exclusion of Austria from a Prussian-led Germany.
Pius IX
Longest pontificate in history marked by transition from liberalism to conservatism, in a period where the papacy was in need of reform and was under constant attack by nationalists, who saw the papacy as an instrument used to legitimate Austrian rule. Pius IX had been prepared to countenance liberalism and nationalism, but was against revolution. He fled during the 1848 revolutions but was reinstated. In the 1870 occupation of Rome, he was granted sovereignty in the Vatican, separation of the Church and State elsewhere in Italy.
ausgleich
1867, the establishment of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. the Kingdom of Hungary was granted full internal autonomy. In exchanged it agreed that the state would be single state for matters of war and foreign affairs to maintain its dynastic prestige.
Darwin
Charles, English naturalist, published ‘Origin of the Species’ 1859.
His theory of evolution by natural selection was shocking to the Victorian age but had far-reaching effects in all areas of literature, political science, and the natural sciences.
