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BCH: Blood Chemistry & Nutrition > Xenobiotics > Flashcards

Xenobiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

How many isoforms of cytochrome P450 are present in the endoplasmic reticulum of the human liver?

A

Six isoforms of cytochrome P450 are present in the endoplasmic reticulum of the human liver.

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2
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for using NADPH to yield the reduced cytochrome P450?

A

NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase is the enzyme responsible for using NADPH to yield the reduced cytochrome P450.

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3
Q

Which lipid is the preferred component of the cytochrome P450 system?

A

Phosphatidylcholine is the preferred lipid component of the cytochrome P450 system.

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4
Q

What is the main organ involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body?

A

The liver is the main organ involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body.

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5
Q

What are the principal classes of xenobiotics of medical relevance?

A

The principal classes of xenobiotics of medical relevance are drugs, chemical carcinogens, and environmental compounds.

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6
Q

What is the major reaction involved in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Hydroxylation is the major reaction involved in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism.

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7
Q

What type of enzymes catalyze hydroxylation reactions in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze hydroxylation reactions in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism.

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8
Q

What are some reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes besides hydroxylation?

A

Besides hydroxylation, cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze reactions involving deamination, dehalogenation, desulfuration, epoxidation, peroxygenation, and reduction.

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9
Q

In phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism, what are the compounds produced in phase 1 converted into?

A

In phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism, compounds produced in phase 1 are converted into polar metabolites.

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10
Q

What are some examples of polar metabolites produced in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Polar metabolites in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism include conjugates with glucuronic acid, sulfate, glutathione, acetate, or certain amino acids.

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of induction of cytochrome P450 in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The induction of cytochrome P450 in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by the administration of drugs like phenobarbital.

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12
Q

What are the clinical implications of the induction of cytochrome P450?

A

The induction of cytochrome P450 has clinical implications, particularly in drug interactions and metabolism.

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13
Q

What is pharmacogenomics and how does it relate to drug design?

A

Pharmacogenomics integrates genomics, proteomics, and other disciplines to design drugs based on genetic profiles and polymorphisms.

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14
Q

How many manufactured environmental chemicals exist, and what happens to most of them in the human body?

A

More than 200,000 manufactured environmental chemicals exist, with most undergoing metabolism in the human body.

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15
Q

What is the role of the liver in the metabolism of xenobiotics?

A

The liver plays a key role in metabolizing xenobiotics due to its high concentration of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism.

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16
Q

What are some examples of xenobiotics that humans are commonly exposed to?

A

Humans are commonly exposed to xenobiotics such as drugs, chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants like PCBs, and insecticides.

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17
Q

What are the major effects of xenobiotics in terms of toxicity?

A

Xenobiotics can have major effects in terms of toxicity, necessitating proper metabolism and elimination from the body.

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18
Q

How does the administration of phenobarbital affect cytochrome P450 levels in the liver?

A

The administration of phenobarbital can increase cytochrome P450 levels in the liver, leading to enzyme induction.

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19
Q

What is the role of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in the reaction mechanism of cytochrome P450?

A

NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase is involved in the reduction of cytochrome P450 using NADPH in the reaction mechanism.

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20
Q

What is the function of cytochrome b5 in the cytochrome P450 system?

A

Cytochrome b5 may act as an electron donor in some cases in the cytochrome P450 system.

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21
Q

What are some compounds that have found their way into the environment and are considered xenobiotics?

A

Compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and certain insecticides are examples of xenobiotics found in the environment.

22
Q

How many enzymes catalyze reactions involved in xenobiotic metabolism?

A

At least 30 different enzymes catalyze reactions involved in xenobiotic metabolism.

23
Q

What are the different conjugation reactions involved in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Conjugation reactions in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism include glucuronidation, sulfation, glutathione conjugation, acetylation, and methylation.

24
Q

How does the liver respond to the administration of phenobarbital in terms of cytochrome P450 levels?

A

The administration of phenobarbital can cause hypertrophy of the liver due to increased cytochrome P450 levels.

25
Q

What is the preferred lipid component of the cytochrome P450 system?

A

Phosphatidylcholine is the preferred lipid component of the cytochrome P450 system.

26
Q

What is the significance of understanding xenobiotic metabolism in various fields?

A

Understanding xenobiotic metabolism is crucial in various fields to manage exposure to foreign chemicals effectively.

27
Q

What are the different phases involved in xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Xenobiotic metabolism occurs in two phases: phase 1 involves functionalization reactions, while phase 2 involves conjugation reactions.

28
Q

How does the liver handle the chemical onslaught of xenobiotics?

A

The liver processes xenobiotics to cope with the chemical onslaught faced by the human body.

29
Q

What are the potential risks associated with the metabolism of xenobiotics?

A

Inadequate metabolism of xenobiotics can lead to accumulation and potential toxicity in the body.

30
Q

How does the metabolism of xenobiotics play a role in drug interactions?

A

The metabolism of xenobiotics can impact drug interactions by altering the levels and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

31
Q

What are the implications of drug interactions on the effectiveness of medications?

A

Drug interactions can affect the efficacy and safety of medications by altering their metabolism and pharmacokinetics.

32
Q

How does the metabolism of xenobiotics impact drug therapy?

A

Xenobiotic metabolism plays a crucial role in drug therapy by influencing drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity.

33
Q

What are the different mechanisms of induction of cytochrome P450?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes can be induced by various drugs, leading to changes in drug metabolism and potential interactions.

34
Q

How does the metabolism of xenobiotics relate to the management of cancer?

A

Understanding xenobiotic metabolism is essential for managing cancer treatment and minimizing drug interactions.

35
Q

What are the various enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics?

A

Various enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, play a role in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body.

36
Q

How does the liver contribute to the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body?

A

The liver contributes significantly to the metabolism of xenobiotics due to its high concentration of metabolizing enzymes.

37
Q

What are the different routes through which xenobiotics enter the human body?

A

Xenobiotics can enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, or injection.

38
Q

How does the liver respond to exposure to xenobiotics?

A

The liver responds to exposure to xenobiotics by activating enzymes involved in their metabolism and elimination.

39
Q

What are the potential consequences of inadequate drug dosage due to cytochrome P450 induction?

A

Inadequate drug dosage due to cytochrome P450 induction can lead to reduced drug efficacy or increased toxicity.

40
Q

How does the metabolism of xenobiotics relate to the field of toxicology?

A

Understanding xenobiotic metabolism is crucial in toxicology to assess the effects and risks of exposure to foreign chemicals.

41
Q

What are the different classes of xenobiotics that are of medical relevance?

A

Drugs, chemical carcinogens, and environmental pollutants are the principal classes of xenobiotics of medical relevance.

42
Q

How does the liver play a crucial role in the metabolism of xenobiotics?

A

The liver plays a crucial role in metabolizing xenobiotics due to its high concentration of metabolizing enzymes.

43
Q

What are the enzymes involved in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Enzymes involved in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism include cytochrome P450s and other non-P450 enzymes like esterases.

44
Q

How do enzymes catalyze reactions in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Enzymes catalyze reactions in phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism by functionalizing compounds through various reactions.

45
Q

What are the different reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze reactions like deamination, dehalogenation, desulfuration, epoxidation, peroxygenation, and reduction.

46
Q

How do specific enzymes convert compounds in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Specific enzymes convert compounds in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism through conjugation with various hydrophilic compounds.

47
Q

What are some examples of compounds that undergo conjugation in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism?

A

Compounds undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid, sulfate, glutathione, acetate, or certain amino acids in phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism.

48
Q

How does the liver respond to the administration of certain drugs in terms of cytochrome P450 levels?

A

The administration of certain drugs can induce cytochrome P450 levels in the liver, affecting drug metabolism and interactions.

49
Q

What are the potential risks associated with inadequate drug dosage due to cytochrome P450 induction?

A

Inadequate drug dosage due to cytochrome P450 induction can lead to altered drug metabolism and potential therapeutic challenges.

50
Q

How does the metabolism of xenobiotics impact the effectiveness of drug therapy?

A

The metabolism of xenobiotics can impact the effectiveness of drug therapy by influencing drug metabolism, efficacy, and safety.

BCH: Blood Chemistry & Nutrition (11 decks)

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