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BCH: Blood Chemistry & Nutrition > Role of Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins, and Minerals > Flashcards

Role of Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins, and Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary role of lipids in the body?

A

Lipids store energy, provide insulation, and protect organs.

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2
Q

Name three types of lipids and their functions.

A

Triglycerides (energy storage), phospholipids (cell membranes), sterols (hormones and vitamins).

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3
Q

How do triglycerides function in energy storage?

A

Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, providing energy.

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4
Q

What is the role of phospholipids in cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids form the bilayer of cell membranes, providing structure and regulating transport.

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5
Q

How do lipids contribute to hormone production?

A

Lipids are precursors for steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

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6
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the body?

A

Cholesterol stabilizes cell membranes and is a precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones.

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7
Q

How do essential fatty acids benefit health?

A

Essential fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) reduce inflammation, support brain function, and promote cardiovascular health.

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8
Q

What is the role of lipoproteins in lipid transport?

A

Lipoproteins transport lipids through the bloodstream to tissues.

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9
Q

How do omega-3 fatty acids affect cardiovascular health?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce triglycerides, lower blood pressure, and decrease the risk of heart disease.

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10
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in energy metabolism?

A

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for cells, especially the brain and muscles.

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11
Q

How are simple carbohydrates different from complex carbohydrates in structure and function?

A

Simple carbohydrates (sugars) are quickly absorbed and provide rapid energy; complex carbohydrates (starches) provide sustained energy.

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12
Q

What is the function of glucose in the body?

A

Glucose is the main energy source for cellular respiration.

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13
Q

How is glycogen stored and used in the body?

A

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and broken down into glucose when needed for energy.

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14
Q

What role do dietary fibers play in digestion?

A

Dietary fibers aid in digestion, regulate blood sugar levels, and support gut health.

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15
Q

How do carbohydrates influence blood sugar levels?

A

Carbohydrates raise blood sugar levels, with simple carbs causing rapid spikes and complex carbs providing steady increases.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the glycemic index in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

The glycemic index measures how quickly foods raise blood sugar levels, influencing energy and insulin response.

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17
Q

How do carbohydrates interact with proteins in glycoproteins?

A

Carbohydrates in glycoproteins aid in cell recognition, signaling, and immune response.

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18
Q

How do proteins support growth and repair in the body?

A

Proteins provide the building blocks for tissues, repair damaged cells, and support growth.

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19
Q

What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

A

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions, increasing reaction rates and specificity.

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20
Q

How do hormones like insulin and glucagon regulate metabolism?

A

Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels, promoting storage or release of energy.

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21
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?

A

Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.

22
Q

How do antibodies function in the immune response?

A

Antibodies identify and neutralize pathogens, protecting the body from infections.

23
Q

How do structural proteins like collagen contribute to connective tissue?

A

Collagen provides structural support and strength to connective tissues like skin, bones, and tendons.

24
Q

What role do transport proteins play in cellular function?

A

Transport proteins facilitate the movement of substances across cell membranes.

25
Q

What is the function of vitamins as coenzymes?

A

Vitamins as coenzymes assist enzymes in metabolic reactions, ensuring proper cellular function.

26
Q

How does vitamin C support the immune system and collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C boosts the immune system and is necessary for collagen synthesis, promoting wound healing.

27
Q

What is the role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism?

A

Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption, supporting bone health and mineralization.

28
Q

How do B vitamins contribute to energy metabolism?

A

B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) are crucial for energy production and metabolism.

29
Q

What is the significance of vitamin A in vision and cellular differentiation?

A

Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and cell differentiation.

30
Q

How does vitamin K participate in blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K activates proteins required for blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding.

31
Q

How do antioxidants like vitamins E and C protect against oxidative stress?

A

Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

32
Q

What role do minerals play in bone health?

A

Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are essential for bone structure and strength.

33
Q

How does calcium function in muscle contraction and nerve transmission?

A

Calcium enables muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.

34
Q

What is the role of iron in hemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

Iron is a key component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, crucial for oxygen transport.

35
Q

How does magnesium contribute to enzyme function and energy production?

A

Magnesium acts as a cofactor for many enzymes, playing a role in ATP production and muscle function.

36
Q

How do electrolytes like sodium and potassium maintain fluid balance?

A

Electrolytes maintain fluid balance, nerve signaling, and muscle function.

37
Q

What is the function of iodine in thyroid hormone production?

A

Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, regulating metabolism.

38
Q

How does zinc support immune function and wound healing?

A

Zinc supports immune function, DNA synthesis, and wound healing.

39
Q

What is the role of selenium in antioxidant defense and thyroid function?

A

Selenium is a component of antioxidant enzymes and is essential for thyroid hormone metabolism.

40
Q

How does phosphorus contribute to ATP and nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Phosphorus is a component of ATP, DNA, and RNA, critical for energy storage and genetic information.

41
Q

How do lipids interact with proteins in lipoproteins?

A

Lipoproteins facilitate the transport of lipids and cholesterol in the blood.

42
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in cell signaling?

A

Carbohydrates on cell surfaces act as signals for cell recognition and communication.

43
Q

How do proteins serve as receptors and channels in cell membranes?

A

Proteins in cell membranes function as receptors for signal molecules and channels for ion transport.

44
Q

How does vitamin E protect cell membranes?

A

Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals.

45
Q

What is the role of folate in DNA synthesis and repair?

A

Folate is vital for DNA synthesis, repair, and cell division, especially during pregnancy.

46
Q

How does vitamin B12 support red blood cell formation?

A

Vitamin B12 is necessary for red blood cell formation and neurological function.

47
Q

How do minerals like potassium regulate blood pressure?

A

Potassium helps regulate blood pressure by balancing sodium levels and maintaining fluid balance.

48
Q

How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C enhances non-heme iron absorption by reducing it to a more absorbable form.

49
Q

What is the function of vitamin B6 in amino acid metabolism?

A

Vitamin B6 is involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hemoglobin production.

50
Q

How do proteins act as buffers in acid-base balance?

A

Proteins help maintain pH balance by acting as buffers, neutralizing excess acids or bases.

BCH: Blood Chemistry & Nutrition (11 decks)

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