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BCH: Blood Chemistry & Nutrition > Inhibitors of Blood Clotting; Lysis of Clotting > Flashcards

Inhibitors of Blood Clotting; Lysis of Clotting Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of antithrombin in blood clotting inhibition?

A

Antithrombin inactivates thrombin and other proteases involved in blood clotting, such as factor Xa.

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2
Q

Which enzyme does heparin primarily enhance to inhibit clotting?

A

Heparin enhances the activity of antithrombin.

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3
Q

How does warfarin act as an anticoagulant?

A

Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

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4
Q

Name the protein that inhibits factor Xa and thrombin.

A

Antithrombin.

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of direct thrombin inhibitors?

A

Direct thrombin inhibitors bind to thrombin and prevent it from converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

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6
Q

Which natural anticoagulant is activated by thrombomodulin-bound thrombin?

A

Protein C.

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7
Q

What is the role of protein C in blood clotting?

A

Protein C, once activated, degrades factors Va and VIIIa, reducing thrombin formation.

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8
Q

How does activated protein C (APC) exert its anticoagulant effects?

A

APC, with its cofactor protein S, inactivates factors Va and VIIIa, inhibiting the clotting cascade.

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9
Q

What is the function of plasmin in clot lysis?

A

Plasmin degrades fibrin clots into soluble fibrin degradation products.

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10
Q

Which molecule converts plasminogen to plasmin?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

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11
Q

Name a commonly used fibrinolytic drug.

A

Alteplase.

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12
Q

How does tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) work in clot lysis?

A

tPA binds to fibrin in the clot and converts entrapped plasminogen to plasmin, leading to clot breakdown.

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13
Q

What is the primary function of alpha-2 antiplasmin?

A

Alpha-2 antiplasmin inactivates plasmin to prevent excessive fibrinolysis.

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14
Q

Which enzyme degrades fibrinogen and fibrin into fibrin degradation products?

A

Plasmin.

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15
Q

How does the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) contribute to fibrinolysis?

A

uPA converts plasminogen to plasmin, aiding in the breakdown of blood clots.

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16
Q

What is the role of factor XIII in the stabilization of blood clots?

A

Factor XIII cross-links fibrin strands, stabilizing the blood clot.

17
Q

How does streptokinase promote clot lysis?

A

Streptokinase activates plasminogen to plasmin, promoting clot lysis.

18
Q

Which anticoagulant is monitored using the International Normalized Ratio (INR)?

A

Warfarin.

19
Q

What is the function of protein S in the regulation of blood clotting?

A

Protein S acts as a cofactor for activated protein C, enhancing its anticoagulant effects.

20
Q

How do low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) differ from unfractionated heparin in their action?

A

LMWH primarily inhibits factor Xa and has a more predictable anticoagulant effect compared to unfractionated heparin.

21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of factor Xa inhibitors?

A

Factor Xa inhibitors block the activity of factor Xa, preventing thrombin formation.

22
Q

Which condition is treated with thrombolytic therapy?

A

Acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or pulmonary embolism.

23
Q

How does antithrombin deficiency affect coagulation?

A

Antithrombin deficiency leads to an increased risk of thrombosis due to insufficient inhibition of clotting factors.

24
Q

What is the role of thrombomodulin in anticoagulation?

A

Thrombomodulin binds thrombin, reducing its clotting ability and promoting the activation of protein C.

25
Q

Name the compound that inactivates plasmin and thus inhibits fibrinolysis.

A

Alpha-2 antiplasmin.

26
Q

How do vitamin K antagonists affect blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K antagonists inhibit the recycling of vitamin K, essential for the synthesis of clotting factors.

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of dabigatran?

A

Dabigatran directly inhibits thrombin, preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

28
Q

Which factor does rivaroxaban inhibit?

A

Rivaroxaban inhibits factor Xa.

29
Q

How does the fibrinolytic system balance clot formation and dissolution?

A

The fibrinolytic system dissolves clots after they have served their purpose, preventing excessive clotting and vessel blockage.

30
Q

What is the clinical use of alteplase?

A

Alteplase is used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism by dissolving clots.

BCH: Blood Chemistry & Nutrition (11 decks)

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