XC Flight Planning Flashcards
What are three ways to navigate?
Dead reckoning - by computing direction and distance from a known location
Pilotage - by reference to visual landmarks
Radio navigation - using VORs
What is an isognic line
A line that indicates the amount of magnetic variation between the earth’s poles.
What are lines of latitude and longitude?
Longitudes run east and west as meridians, originating in Greenwich, UK. Latitudes run parallel to the earth North and south of the equator.
What is magnetic deviation?
Because of objects located within the aircraft (radios, instruments, etc.) magnetic deviation causes the magnetic compass to deflect from its actual heading.
Describe what a VOR is
VORs are radio stations that beam 360 radials in all directions, acting as a navigational aid for VOR equipped aircraft.
How far can one expect to get a signal from a VOR
SMO VOR is Class L, which is about 40 miles of range.
How does GPS work? What are the functional elements?
A systems of satellites that work together to determine an object’s precise location.
1) Space - 30 satellites sending signals to the earth
2) Control - ground based system verifying the accuracy of the space elements.
3) User element - antennas and on-board receiver processes that provide on-board positioning, velocity and precise timing to the user
What is RAIM
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring is a self monitoring feature of a GPS receiver that ensures its receiving an accurate, adequate reading at all times.
How many satellites does a GPS Sytem use?
4 satellites will result in latitude, longitude, and altitude
5 satellites allow for all of the above, plus RAIM capability
What is a VFR waypoint
On a VFR flight using pilotage, a VFR waypoint assist with positional awareness. They begin with VP and are retrievable from navigation databases.
What is a CTAF
Common traffic awareness frequency is the best method of communicating with traffic at an non-towered airport. A CTAF can be a UNICOM, MULTICOM, or FSS.
If there is not UNICOM or FSS at an airport, what frequency should you contact?
Contact the MULTICOM on 122.9 for self-announce procedures.
What restrictions regarding alcohol use applies to pilots?
No pilot may consume alcohol within 8 hours of a flight
No pilot may have a BAC greater than .04 and act as a crew member.
Which persons on an airplane need to use a seatbelt?
A person must occupy a seat and wear a seatbelt during ground movement, takeoff and landing.
When do crew members need to have their seatbelt operated?
While at their station.
What is the required action for each of the following scenarios:
Converging
Approaching Head-on
Overtaking
Converging - Aircraft on the right has the right of way
Approaching head on - both aircraft deviate to the right
Overtaking - aircraft being overtaken has the right of way; aircraft should pass to the right
What is the maximum indicated airspeed at which an aircraft can operate at below 10,000 feet MSL
250 knots.
What’s the minimum safe altitude at which an aircraft can operate over a congested area
Must remain above 1,000 feet, except for takeoff and landing.
Define minimum safe altitude
An altitude allowing for an emergency landing should a power unit fail.
What is the lowest altitude an aircraft can fly over a national park?
2,000 feet AGL.
If there is no altimeter setting at an airport, what should be used?
The elevation of the airport. For instance 300 feet = 30.22
What is the fuel requirement for VFR flying at night?
45 minutes reserve. 30 minute during the day.
When flying VFR above 3,000 feet AGL, what rule should be followed regarding altitude.
Flying west = even + 500
Flying east = odd + 500
Is an ELT neccassary?
Yes, unless flown within 50nm of the home airport or for flight testing or for agricultural use.
When must the ELT battery be replaced?
After 1 hour of cumulative usage or below 50% overall charge.
What are the regs concerning using oxygen on board an aircraft.
From 12,500 to 14,000 MSL, the required crew member must use oxygen after 30 minutes.
From 14,000 to 15,000, all required crew members must use oxygen at all times.
Above 15,000, all crew members and passengers must be on oxygen at all times.
What equipment is required to fly in Class A Airspace
ADS-B out and TIS-B
Mode C transponder
Two way radio
IFR Instruments
What VFR Minimums are required to operate within Class B
3 miles visibility
Clear of clouds
What is the maximum speed in which one can operate within Class B? What about Class C and D?
250 knots indicated for Class B and below 10,000MSL
200 knots within Class C, D
What is the maximum speed through a VFR Corridor?
200 knots.
What are the VFR weather minimums within Class C
2000 feet horizontal, 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above clouds. 3 SM visibility.
Where is a Mode C Transponder required?
Mode C Veil
Class E Airspace above 10,000 FEET MSL, but not below 2,500 feet AGL
