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Jerry's Image Production > X-ray Production II > Flashcards

X-ray Production II Flashcards

1
Q

How efficient is the kinetic energy of the projectile electron in an x-ray tube?

A

About 1% efficient in the production of x-rays

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2
Q

The shift of the characteristic x-ray spectrum to higher energy occurs because of what?

A

An increase in target atomic number

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3
Q

How are useful characteristic x-rays produced in tungsten?

A

By the removal of k-shell electrons

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4
Q

What is produced when the projectile electron excites an outer shell electron?

A

Heat

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5
Q

The energy of characteristic x-rays increases with increasing the what?

A

Atomic number of target material

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6
Q

When are x-rays produced?

A

When the projectile electrons interact with target atoms

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7
Q

Characteristic x-rays are characteristic of the target _____.

A

Z# (atomic number)

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8
Q

When a tungsten targeted x-ray tube is operated at 68 kVp, can K shell characteristic x-rays be produced?

A

No

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9
Q

When characteristic x-rays are produced, what is the energy characteristic of?

A

The atomic number of the target

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10
Q

What is the kinetic energy of a projectile electron measured in?

A

Joules

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11
Q

The efficiency of x-ray production is ________ of tube current.

A

Independent

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12
Q

What is Brems radiation produced by?

A

The conversion of projectile electron kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy

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13
Q

When a Brems x-ray is produced, a projectile electron ____ its energy

A

Loses

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14
Q

In Brems x-ray production, the projectile electron is from the ______.

A

Cathode

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15
Q

If an average radiographic technique is used, most x-rays are ______.

A

Brems

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16
Q

Brems x-rays are produced only at:

A

Energies up to the projectile electron energy

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17
Q

What would happen if a radiographic technique in a tungsten target at 60 kVp 80 mAs is changed to 80 kVp @ 80 mAs?

A

The number of x-rays produced increases

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18
Q

In a tungsten targeted x-ray tube, are there more Brems x-rays or characteristic x-rays?

A

Brems

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19
Q

When a Brems x-ray is emitted, this results from the conversion of _____ ______.

A

Kinetic energy

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20
Q

The wavelength of an x-ray becomes _____ as projectile electron kinetic energy is reduced.

A

Longer

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21
Q

When projectile electron energy is increased ____ Brems x-rays are produced.

A

More

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22
Q

The efficiency of Brems x-ray production increases with increasing…

A

Target atomic number

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23
Q

The output intensity of an x-ray tube is primarily due to ______ x-rays.

A

Brems

24
Q

What type of projectile electron target interactions result in x-ray emission?

A

Removal or inner shell electrons

25
Q

When a projectile electron enters a target atom and interacts with the nuclear force field, it _____ in velocity.

A

Decreases

26
Q

What will determine the amount of heat produced on the filament?

A

mA

27
Q

What is the space surrounding the filament?

A

Space charge

28
Q

What are electrons that are being slowed down as they pass the nucleus called?

A

Brems

29
Q

What does the speed of the electrons coming from the filament to the anode depend on?

A

kVp (the energy or force)

30
Q

If an exposure is made at 90 kVp, you’ll have Brems photons in the primary beam ranging from 0-90 kVp. What will the majority of them be?

A

30 kVp

31
Q

What is a positive ion (photoelectron?)

A

An atom that has lost (1) negative charge

32
Q

If a projectile electron hits the k-shell and an electron from the L-shell fills it’s spot, what will be the energy of the photon that is produced?

A

57 keV

33
Q

If a k-shell electron is kicked out, then a photon is produced of 57 up to ____ keV.

A

69

34
Q

What is the atom that is left behind with one less electron?

A

Positive ion

35
Q

How many different x-ray energies could you get from Tungsten?

A

-15

K-5
L-4
M-3
N-2
O-1
P-0
36
Q

How can you increase the probability of a characteristic interaction happening when you make an exposure?

A
  • Incident electron must have a keV greater than, but close to the binding energy of the k-shell (69 plus a little)
  • Having a target with a high atomic number
37
Q

When shooting a CXR at 110 kVp, how much of that radiation will be characteristic radiation?

A
  • None, until it slows down through Brems interactions

- They aren’t produced until they loose energy down to 69 plus a little

38
Q

The primary beam is _________.

A

Polyenergetic

39
Q

What is the formula for x-ray efficiency production?

A

% eff= (k) (z) (kVp)
k= .0001 (constant)
z= atomic number

40
Q

What happens to efficiency percentage when you increase kVp?

A

It goes higher

41
Q

When you increase kVp, what happens to the efficiency of x-ray production?

A

It goes up

42
Q

How efficient is the x-ray machine at producing x-rays?

A

Inefficient

43
Q

Where does the heat production occur?

A

Electrons from the cathode colliding with the outer shell electrons of the target atoms

44
Q

Under certain circumstances electromagnetic radiation behaves as a ______ and at other times it behaves as a ________.

A
  • Wave (of energy)

- Particle

45
Q

What is the dual nature of a wave and a particle known as?

A

The Wave- particle duality of radiation

46
Q

To best understand x-rays it is necessary to consider them as both waves and ______ of energy.

A

Particles

47
Q

What is the wave theory?

A

X-rays exist as vibrating electric charges or waves

48
Q

What is the Quantum/ Photon/ Particle theory?

A

X-rays exist as particles of energy

49
Q

What is a photon?

A

Bundle of energy

50
Q

Photon energy is _____ proportional to frequency.

A

Directly

51
Q

The quality of the x-ray beam refers to the ability of an x-ray beam to ______ matter.

A

Penetrate

52
Q

The quality of an x-ray beam can be specified by what (2) methods?

A
  1. HVL

2. Applied voltage

53
Q

What is the Half Value Layer?

A

Thickness of a specified material which reduces the exposure rate to 1/2 its initial value

54
Q

What is the voltage that is applied to the tube called?

A

kVp

55
Q

What is the term used to designate beam quality, since HVL does not serve a useful purpose?

A

kVp

56
Q

Filters harden the beam via the process of the…

A

Photoelectric effect

Jerry's Image Production (8 decks)

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