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Boards > X-Ray Physics > Flashcards

X-Ray Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What are filaments made of?

A

Tungsten

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2
Q

What is the source of electrons in producing an x-ray?

A

Filament

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3
Q

The focusing cup is part of the cathode or the anode?

A

Cathode

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4
Q

What is the name of the positive electrode in the X-ray tube?

A

Anode

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5
Q

What does an increase in mAs lead to?

A

Greater radiograph density

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6
Q

What is the term for a structure that produces more blackening on the film?

A

Radiolucent

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7
Q

What is the minimum change in mAs required to see a minimum change in density on the film?

A

30%

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8
Q

High or Low kVp, what produces high contrast imaging?

A

Low kVp

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9
Q

Linear or inverse: mAs and density

A

Linear

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10
Q

Linear or Inverse: kVp and contrast

A

Inverse

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11
Q

Which will lead to decreased radiation absorbed by the patient, high or low kVp?

A

High

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12
Q

What is the 15% rule?

A

An increase in kVp by 15% will double the overall density on the film; a decrease by 15% will cut the density in half.

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13
Q

Increasing kVp by 15% and decreasing mAs by 50% will do what to your contrast?

A

Lower

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14
Q

Decreasing kVp by 15% and increasing mAs by 100% will do what to your contrast?

A

Increase

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15
Q

Which side of the X-ray tube is the intensity greater?

A

Cathode side

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16
Q

What happens when you increase FFD?

A

Image gets smaller and clearer

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17
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

Intensity of radiation varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source

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18
Q

What results from using large crystals in your intensifying screens?

A

Higher contrast and shorter scale (less patient exposure) but less detail

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19
Q

What is penumbra?

A

Blurry halo parts of the image

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20
Q

What causes penumbra?

A

Having the tube too close to the film
Having the patient too far from the film
Making the focal spot too big

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21
Q

What is the best OFD for a detailed image?

A

Object as close to the film as possible

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22
Q

What is the purpose of a grid?

A

To improve quality of the radiograph by absorbing scatter radiation

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23
Q

What is the grid ratio?

A

The height of the lead strips to the distance between the strips

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24
Q

What is the standard grid ratio in a chiropractic office?

A

12:1

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25
Q

What is the air gap technique?

A

Putting 6-10” between the patient and the film to cause scatter radiation to diverge away from the film

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26
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

To remove low energy photons from entering the patient’s body

27
Q

What does a RAD measure?

A

The radiation energy absorbed

28
Q

What is the safe limit of RADs?

A

5 per year

29
Q

What is the MPD of REMs?

A

5 * (Age-18)

30
Q

What is bremsstrahlung Radiation?

A

The majority of the useful beam that interacts with the target nucleus

31
Q

What is characteristic radiation?

A

A high intensity electron hits an inner shell electron, knocks it out of it’s orbit, and an outer shell electron fills its spot

32
Q

What is the primary form of scatter?

A

Compton scatter

33
Q

What is Classical scatter also known ass?

A

Thompson scatter or coherent scatter

34
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

A low energy photon is absorbed by the subject creating a latent image on the film

35
Q

What is radiographic noise also known as?

A

Quantum mottle

36
Q

How do you decrease radiographic noise/quantum mottle?

A

High mAs and low kVp

37
Q

What happens if your processing solution temperature is too hot?

A

Increased density

38
Q

What happens if your processing solution temperature is too cold?

A

Insufficient density

39
Q

What is the function of the developer?

A

Produce shades of gray/black

40
Q

What chemicals are used as developer?

A

Phenidone/Hydroquinone

41
Q

What is the function of the accelerator/activator?

A

Swelling of emulsion

42
Q

What chemical is used as an accelerator?

A

Na+ Carbonate

43
Q

What is the purpose of the preservative?

A

Control oxidation

44
Q

What chemicals are used as preservatives?

A

Na+ Sulfite or K Sulfite

45
Q

What is the function of the restrained?

A

Protect unexposed crystals

46
Q

What chemicals are used as a restrained?

A

Potassium Bromide/Iodine

47
Q

What is the function of the hardener?

A

Control swelling of emulsion

48
Q

What chemical is used as the hardener?

A

Glutaraldehyde

49
Q

What is the function of the acidifier?

A

Neutralizes the developer

50
Q

What chemical is used as the acidifier?

A

Acetic acid

51
Q

What is the function of the clearing agent?

A

Remove undeveloped Ag Halide

52
Q

What chemicals are used as clearing agent?

A

Ammonium/Na+ Thiosulfate

53
Q

What is the function of the hardener?

A

Stiffen/Shrink the emulsion

54
Q

What chemical is used as a hardener?

A

Potassium Alum

55
Q

What is the function of the preservative?

A

Maintain the pH of the fixer

56
Q

What chemical is used as preservative?

A

Sodium sulfite

57
Q

What do dark films indicate?

A

Light leak
Developer too hot
Overexposed

58
Q

What do light films indicate?

A

Developer temp too low

Chemicals need replacing

59
Q

What do brown films indicate?

A

Inadequate developer

60
Q

What do milky films indicate?

A

Inadequate fixer

61
Q

What do greasy films indicate?

A

Insufficient washing

62
Q

What do increased fog on films indicate?

A

Old film
Hot developer
Contaminated chemicals

63
Q

What does soft emulsion indicate on films?

A

Insufficient fixing

64
Q

Film/cassettes should be stored horizontally or vertically?

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