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Radiology > X-ray Machine, X-ray Quality, and Attenuation > Flashcards

X-ray Machine, X-ray Quality, and Attenuation Flashcards

EXAM 1 PREP

1
Q

__ ____- Flow of electrons through a wire or circuit.

- Source of energy usually 110 or ___ Volts

A

Electric Current

220

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2
Q

Electrons flow in one direction

A

Direct Current

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3
Q

Electrons travel in one direction, stop and then reverse and go in the opposite direction.

A

Alternating Current

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4
Q

Electricity cylces in an __ ___- the curve above and below a horizontal line

A

Alternating Current

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5
Q

_ ___ necessary for production of x-rays in the x-ray tube

  • ___ Circuit
  • High __ Circuit
A

2 Circuits
Filament Circuit
High Voltage Circuit

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6
Q

Step Down Transformer

A

Heats the filament circuit
Controlled by Milliamperage (mA)
Fewer turns in second coil than primary coil
Decreases voltage from 110 to 3-5 volts

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7
Q

Step-up Transformer

A

Controls the high voltage circuit
Controlled by Kilovoltage
More turns in the secondary coil than the primary coil
Changes 110 volts to 65,000-100,000 volts

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8
Q

Gives the ability to alter kilovotage of the x-ray machine

A single coil around a iron core serves as the primary and secondary coil

A

Auto Transformer

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9
Q

MA (Milliamperage) determines

Why does it effect Quantity?

A

the # of photons in a beam

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10
Q

kVp (Kilovolt Peak) determines

kVp also influences the Quantity why?

A

the energy of each photon, ie Quality

Also influences quantity because

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11
Q

Distance of the Xray beam is the

A

size of the beam

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12
Q

Rate of the xray is the

A

exposure time ie ///// Quantity. More time more xrays

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13
Q

Does exposure influence Quantity

A

Yes. Why? Because
A longer exposure time produces more xrays.
An increase increase in xrays produces a more intense beam

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14
Q

**mA + kVp+ Distance + Rate together =

A

Beam Intensity

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15
Q

Relationship between exposure time and mA

A

mA required for a given exposure time is inversely proportional to the exposure time
- HIGHER mA requires less exposure time

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16
Q

What is the equation to represent source-film distance effects on intensity

A 
Inverse square law
Original mAs (time) /
New mAs (time)

=
Original SFD^2/
New SFD^2

17
Q 
Short
Great penetration
High energy
High frequency
Go through
A

Best xrays

18
Q 
Long
Low penetration
Low energy
Low frequency
Absorbed
A

bad xray

19
Q

Filtration of xrays

A

Located in tubehead
aluminum selectively absorbes out useless lower energy photons

Half Value Layer-
the thickness of absorbing material (usually aluminum) necessary to reduce x-ray intensity by half its original value

20
Q 
Controls the size and shape of beam produced
Metal cylinder or lead washer
Shapes the x-ray beam
Round BID
Rectangular BID
A

Collimation

21
Q

Restricts the size of the primary beam

A

Collimation

22
Q

penetrating x-ray beam produced at the tungsten target of the anode that exits at the tubehead.
AKA- Useful Beam

A

Primary Radiation

23
Q

created when the primary beam interacts with matter.
Includes soft tissue of head, bones of skull, and teeth.
Scatter Radiation- Form of secondary radiation resulting from an x-ray photon that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter.

A

Secondary Radiation

24
Q

Secondary Radiation
A
B
C

A

Pass through
Absorbed
Scatter

25
Q

Secondary Radiation __ ___ with no interaction producing dark areas on film (radiolucent)
-Examples- soft tissue, pulp, PDL

A

pass through

26
Q

transfer of energy from x-ray photon to the atoms of matter through which the x-ray passes (approximately 30% of interactions with matter)
Produce light or white areas on film
Examples- cortical bone, enamel, metallic restorations

A

Photoelectric Effect
Absorbed Completely
Radiopaque

27
Q

photon strikes a loosely bound outer shell electron of matter, and ejects is from orbit (ionization)
the x-ray photon loses energy and continues in another direction (including backwards)
If reaches the film it produces fog

scattered x-ray deflected from its passage through matter (approximately 62% of interactions with matter)

A

Compton scatter

28
Q

Interaction of x-rays with patient

low energy photon has its path altered by matter and changes directions. (approximately 8% of interactions with matter)
X-ray photon undergoes change in direction without change in energy

A

Coherent Scatter

29
Q

reduction in the intensity of the x-ray beam as it transverses dental tissues./ Absorption

High absorption of x-ray photons=____________
Low asborption of x-ray photons =

A

Attenuation

radiopaque areas on film- bone

Radiolucent areas on film-air

30
Q

Factors Affecting Absorption

A

Wavelength:The energy of the xray photon

Density of Material

Thickness of Material

Atomic Number of Material:
Higher atomic number= greater absorption
- Aluminum=13
-Copper = 29
- Lead= 82

Radiology (22 decks)

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