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Principles II > X-Ray > Flashcards

X-Ray Flashcards

1
Q

How can exposure alter X-rays ?

A

Overexposure = dark image
Underexposure = bright white image

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2
Q

How do male and female X-rays differ?

A

Female= excess tissue
Consider body habits and positioning of tissues.

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3
Q

How is a PA chest X-ray image obtained usually?

A

Posterior to anterior
Patient standing up with their chest against the plate and xray shoots from behind them

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4
Q

How is an AP xray image obtained?

A

Anterior to posterior

May be used if the patient can’t stand or if the image is taken with a portable xray.

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5
Q

How does upright positioning affect the xray image?

A

Things drain posteriorly
Gravity can help with lung volume and expansion
Hemothorax and pleural effusions will drain to costo-phrenic angles.

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6
Q

How does a supine position affect an xray image?

A

Pt may not be able to breathe as well
Lungs and heart are harder to visualize and pulmonary vasculature becomes crowded

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7
Q

What are the main 3 things you are looking for when scanning the abdomen?

A

Gastric bubble and hemidiaphragms

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8
Q

How much of the lung fields and hills are obscured by other tissues ?

A

40%

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9
Q

Which side of the diaphragm is elevated higher than the other?

A

Right side.

Elevated by the liver

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10
Q

Which X-ray view might cause the heart to look enlarged?

A

PA

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11
Q

What are the 2 most important things to visualize when looking at the mediastinum and heart?

A

Aortic and cardiac silhouette

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12
Q

What cardiac structures are visualized on the right side?

A
  • Inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • ascending aorta
  • superior vena cava
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13
Q

What cardiac structures are visualized on the left?

A
  • Left ventricle
  • left atrium
  • pulmonary artery
  • aortic arch
  • subclavian artery and vein
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14
Q

What is a common surgical emergency that manifests as free air under the diaphragm?

A

Perforated ulcers.

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15
Q

What is a tell-tell sign that the patient is rotated in the picture?

A

The spine and sternum are not on top of each other

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16
Q

Where do we want the ETT sitting in the X-ray image?

A

2-3 cm above the carina

17
Q

How much of the field is occupied by the RUL on the anterior and R lateral views?

A

1/3

18
Q

Posteriorly, the RUL is adjacent to which ribs?

A

1-3 to 5

19
Q

Anteriorly, the RUL extends inferiorly as far as which rib?

A

4th right anterior rib

20
Q

What does the right middle lobe look like on chest X-ray in anterior, lateral, and posterior views?

A

Anterior: bottom half of the right lung
Lateral: triangular in shape narrowest at the hilum
Posterior: not visualized

21
Q

How far superiorly does the right lower lobe extend?

A

6th thoracic vertebral body.

22
Q

What lobes does the right minor fissure separate?

A

RUL and RML

Represents the visceral pleural surfaces of both of these lobes

23
Q

Which vertebrae does the right major fissure extend to?

A

4th

24
Q

What is silhouette sign?

A

A normal air dense space surrounded by the soft tissue density of the mediastinum

A normal finding

25
Q

What is silhouette sign?

A

A normal air dense space surrounded by the soft tissue density of the mediastinum

A normal finding

26
Q

What is air bronchogram sign?

A

Air dense bronchi tissue being visible on a chest X-ray because the alveoli are not filled with air like normal

Abnormal finding; indicates consolidation in the alveoli.

27
Q

What is lobar consolidation? Is there loss of lung volume with this?

A

A density that corresponds to a specific segment or lobe of lung.

No loss of lung volume unless you have an inflammatory process that occludes a distal airway or terminal bronchus like a mucous plug.

28
Q

What is atelectasis? Is there loss of lung volume with this?

A

Obstructive atelectasis is where there is no ventilation to the lobe beyond the obstruction.

Significant loss of lung volume and causes compensatory hyperinflation of normal lung tissue.

29
Q

What are the 5 stages of evaluating an abnormality?

A
  1. Identification of abnormal shadows
  2. Localization of lesion

3.identification of pathologic process.

  1. Identification of etiology
  2. Confirmation of clinical suspension

Principles II (6 decks)

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