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Principles II > Radiation & Laser > Flashcards

Radiation & Laser Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered X-ray & when?

A

Wilhelm Roentgen 1895

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of radiation?

A

Electromagnetic, mechanical, nuclear, cosmic

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3
Q

Which type of radiation functions through destabilization of atoms?

A

Nuclear

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4
Q

Which type of radiation functions from the Motion of atoms, combining electricity and magnetism?

A

Electromagnetic

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5
Q

Which type of radiation does not travel through air?

A

Mechanical - only travels through substances

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6
Q

Which type of radiation travels almost at the speed of light and functions with electrons only?

A

Cosmic

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7
Q

How is non-ionizing radiation harmful?

A

Only by the heat it produces.

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8
Q

What classifies radiation a non-ionizing?

A

It cannot break molecular bonds or knock electrons off atoms. It is stable!

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9
Q

How does ionizing radiation cause harm?

A

When electrons are knocked off atoms, they create ions. The electrical charges of ions cause intracellular chemical reactions.

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10
Q

What 3 intracellular chemical reactions are caused by ionizing radiation?

A
  1. Break DNA chains (cell apoptosis)
  2. Mutate DNA chains (cancer)
  3. Mutate sperm or egg cell (birth defects)
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11
Q

What size of atoms are less likely to absorb X-ray photons? What type of tissue does this describe?

A

Small atoms; soft tissue

Shows up dark on X-ray

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12
Q

Why are large atoms more likely to absorb photons? What tissue type does this describe?

A

There are greater energy differences between orbitals.

Big atoms = bone

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13
Q

What are the two electrodes that make up an X-ray machine?

A

Cathode and anode

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14
Q

How does the cathode contribute to the X-ray?

A

Heated filament in the center of the X-ray (like a fluorescent lamp) which causes electrons fry off the filament

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15
Q

How does the anode contribute to the X-ray?

A

It is positively charged tungsten that attracts the electrons across the tube

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16
Q

How do photons escape the machine?

A

Through a narrow window in a thick shield so they can be focused on the object being imaged.

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17
Q

What side effect is experienced when any part of the body is x-rayed?

A

Fatigue

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18
Q

What is a common side effect of beingx-rayed from the chest up?

A

Hair loss

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19
Q

What is a common side effect of beingx-rayed from the chest up?

A

Hair loss

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20
Q

What is a common side effect of being x-rayed from the abdomen down?

21
Q

What are side effects of X-rays to the head/neck?

A

Mouth changes, taste changes, dysphasia, hypothyroidism

22
Q

What are common side effects of X-rays to the pelvis/rectum?

A

Sexual problems, infertility, urinary changes

23
Q

What are common side effects of X-rays to the chest?

A

Dysphasia, cough, SOB

24
Q

What is the annual allowable radiation dose for the whole body?

25
What is the annual allowable radiation dose for the extremities?
50,000 mrem
26
What is the annual allowable radiation dose for the lens of the eye?
15,000 mrem
27
What is the annual allowable radiation dose for pregnancy?
500 mrem
28
How many mrem do you get from a chest X-ray?
5-10
29
How many mrem do you get from a coronary angiogram?
1,500 Done under fluoro
30
How many mrem do you get from an angioplasty?
5,700
31
How many mrem do you get from a CT?
5,000
32
What 3 ways do we affect radiation scatter?
**Collimation**: wider window = more scatter **Object thickness**: bigger pt/area = less scatter **Air gap**: greater distance = more scatter
33
What type of radiation is mri?
Non-ionizing
34
What does the MRI machine do to create a T1 view? What does the picture look like?
Magnetic vector relaxes. Fat is bright, water is dark. This is a good view for normal anatomy!
35
What does the MRI machine do to create a T2 view? What does the picture look like?
Axial spin relaxes Fat is darker than water. Identifies tissue edema and pathology easily
36
How does gadolinium enhance the quality of MRI images?
Alters the magnetic properties of nearby water molecules
37
How fast does gadolinium clear in the urine?
24 hours if the pt has a normal GFR
38
What two metals are generally MRI safe?
Aluminum and titanium
39
How many decibels of sound does an MRI machine produce?
125 dB
40
How long does it take to acquire an image still on an MRI?
10 min per image sequence
41
How fast do you have to move toward the magnetic field to experience negative symptoms? What are the symptoms?
> 1m/sec Dizziness, headache, light flashes, nausea
42
What is the definition of LASER?
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation A specific wavelength, high intensity, focused narrow beam.
43
What is the tissue penetration depth of an argon laser and what field is it used in?
0.05 - 2 mm Dermatology
44
What is the benefit of using a carbon dioxide laser?
- Minimal scatter - surrounding tissue damage is negligible - the carbon dioxide is absorbed by water so it produces little heat Used for ENT
45
What is the tissue penetration depth of an Nd:YAG laser and what field is it used in?
Deepest most powerful laser at 2 - 6 mm penetration Used for tumor debulking
46
What are the 5 hazards of using laser? Which 2 are most important?
1. Atmospheric contamination 2. Perforation of a vessel or structure. 3. Embolism 4. Inappropriate energy transfer 5. Airway Fire 1 And 5
47
What is laser plum?
Fine particulates produced and entering the air due to vaporization of tissue.
48
What are the 3 components of the fire triad?
Ignition source, fuel, oxidizer
49
What are the 2 biggest sources of OR fires?
ESU and laser

Principles II (6 decks)

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