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Principles II > Radiation & Laser > Flashcards

Radiation & Laser Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered X-ray & when?

A

Wilhelm Roentgen 1895

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of radiation?

A

Electromagnetic, mechanical, nuclear, cosmic

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3
Q

Which type of radiation functions through destabilization of atoms?

A

Nuclear

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4
Q

Which type of radiation functions from the Motion of atoms, combining electricity and magnetism?

A

Electromagnetic

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5
Q

Which type of radiation does not travel through air?

A

Mechanical - only travels through substances

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6
Q

Which type of radiation travels almost at the speed of light and functions with electrons only?

A

Cosmic

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7
Q

How is non-ionizing radiation harmful?

A

Only by the heat it produces.

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8
Q

What classifies radiation a non-ionizing?

A

It cannot break molecular bonds or knock electrons off atoms. It is stable!

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9
Q

How does ionizing radiation cause harm?

A

When electrons are knocked off atoms, they create ions. The electrical charges of ions cause intracellular chemical reactions.

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10
Q

What 3 intracellular chemical reactions are caused by ionizing radiation?

A
  1. Break DNA chains (cell apoptosis)
  2. Mutate DNA chains (cancer)
  3. Mutate sperm or egg cell (birth defects)
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11
Q

What size of atoms are less likely to absorb X-ray photons? What type of tissue does this describe?

A

Small atoms; soft tissue

Shows up dark on X-ray

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12
Q

Why are large atoms more likely to absorb photons? What tissue type does this describe?

A

There are greater energy differences between orbitals.

Big atoms = bone

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13
Q

What are the two electrodes that make up an X-ray machine?

A

Cathode and anode

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14
Q

How does the cathode contribute to the X-ray?

A

Heated filament in the center of the X-ray (like a fluorescent lamp) which causes electrons fry off the filament

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15
Q

How does the anode contribute to the X-ray?

A

It is positively charged tungsten that attracts the electrons across the tube

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16
Q

How do photons escape the machine?

A

Through a narrow window in a thick shield so they can be focused on the object being imaged.

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17
Q

What side effect is experienced when any part of the body is x-rayed?

A

Fatigue

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18
Q

What is a common side effect of beingx-rayed from the chest up?

A

Hair loss

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19
Q

What is a common side effect of beingx-rayed from the chest up?

A

Hair loss

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20
Q

What is a common side effect of being x-rayed from the abdomen down?

A

Diarrhea

21
Q

What are side effects of X-rays to the head/neck?

A

Mouth changes, taste changes, dysphasia, hypothyroidism

22
Q

What are common side effects of X-rays to the pelvis/rectum?

A

Sexual problems, infertility, urinary changes

23
Q

What are common side effects of X-rays to the chest?

A

Dysphasia, cough, SOB

24
Q

What is the annual allowable radiation dose for the whole body?

A

5000 mrem

25
Q

What is the annual allowable radiation dose for the extremities?

A

50,000 mrem

26
Q

What is the annual allowable radiation dose for the lens of the eye?

A

15,000 mrem

27
Q

What is the annual allowable radiation dose for pregnancy?

A

500 mrem

28
Q

How many mrem do you get from a chest X-ray?

A

5-10

29
Q

How many mrem do you get from a coronary angiogram?

A

1,500

Done under fluoro

30
Q

How many mrem do you get from an angioplasty?

A

5,700

31
Q

How many mrem do you get from a CT?

A

5,000

32
Q

What 3 ways do we affect radiation scatter?

A

Collimation: wider window = more scatter

Object thickness: bigger pt/area = less scatter

Air gap: greater distance = more scatter

33
Q

What type of radiation is mri?

A

Non-ionizing

34
Q

What does the MRI machine do to create a T1 view? What does the picture look like?

A

Magnetic vector relaxes.

Fat is bright, water is dark. This is a good view for normal anatomy!

35
Q

What does the MRI machine do to create a T2 view? What does the picture look like?

A

Axial spin relaxes

Fat is darker than water. Identifies tissue edema and pathology easily

36
Q

How does gadolinium enhance the quality of MRI images?

A

Alters the magnetic properties of nearby water molecules

37
Q

How fast does gadolinium clear in the urine?

A

24 hours if the pt has a normal GFR

38
Q

What two metals are generally MRI safe?

A

Aluminum and titanium

39
Q

How many decibels of sound does an MRI machine produce?

A

125 dB

40
Q

How long does it take to acquire an image still on an MRI?

A

10 min per image sequence

41
Q

How fast do you have to move toward the magnetic field to experience negative symptoms? What are the symptoms?

A

> 1m/sec

Dizziness, headache, light flashes, nausea

42
Q

What is the definition of LASER?

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation

A specific wavelength, high intensity, focused narrow beam.

43
Q

What is the tissue penetration depth of an argon laser and what field is it used in?

A

0.05 - 2 mm
Dermatology

44
Q

What is the benefit of using a carbon dioxide laser?

A
  • Minimal scatter
  • surrounding tissue damage is negligible
  • the carbon dioxide is absorbed by water so it produces little heat

Used for ENT

45
Q

What is the tissue penetration depth of an Nd:YAG laser and what field is it used in?

A

Deepest most powerful laser at 2 - 6 mm penetration

Used for tumor debulking

46
Q

What are the 5 hazards of using laser? Which 2 are most important?

A
  1. Atmospheric contamination
  2. Perforation of a vessel or structure.
  3. Embolism
  4. Inappropriate energy transfer
  5. Airway Fire

1 And 5

47
Q

What is laser plum?

A

Fine particulates produced and entering the air due to vaporization of tissue.

48
Q

What are the 3 components of the fire triad?

A

Ignition source, fuel, oxidizer

49
Q

What are the 2 biggest sources of OR fires?

A

ESU and laser

Principles II (6 decks)

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