WWU Psychology 101 Mana: Chapter One (Psych in a Nutshell)

Question 1

Absolutism

Answer 1

Same across all cultures

Question 2

Relativism

Answer 2

Varies across cultures

Question 3

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 3

Study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking, emotion, value

Question 4

Behavioral Neuroscience

Answer 4

Uses physiological, pharmacological, surgical, genetic, and developmental tools to study neuro bases of behavior in human and non-human animals

Question 5

Developmental Psychology

Answer 5

A branch of Psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Question 6

Social Psychology

Answer 6

A branch of psychology that focuses on the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior, how peoples thoughts, feeling, and behaviors are influenced by actual, imagines, or implied presence of others

Question 7

Clinical Psychology

Answer 7

Deals with individuals psychological conflicts, crises, and life difficulties

Question 8

Personality Psychology

Answer 8

Studies of structure, development, and overall adjustment and good health

Question 9

Behaviorism

Answer 9

Scientific Study of objectively observable behavior

Question 10

Response

Answer 10

Action or Physiological change elicited by a stimulus

Question 11

Reinforcement

Answer 11

Consequences of Behavior determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again

Question 12

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 12

An approach emphasizing the whole rather then the sum of the parts

Question 13

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 13

Explains mind/behavior in terms of adaptive value of abilities preserved over time by natural selection

Question 14

Cultural Psychology

Answer 14

Study of how culture reflect/shape the psychological processes of members

Question 15

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 15

Dog salivation experiment
Meat powder stimuli with salivation response, bell association with stimuli
Won the Nobel prize for work done on digestion

Question 16

JB Watson

Answer 16

Proposed to focus on behavior because it can be measured objectively

Introspection is too subjective, little Albert experiment

Question 17

BF Skinner

Answer 17

Animals act on environments to survive, wanted to find a principle explaining how they learned to act in situations

Questioned free will, reinforcement makes animals act a certain way

___________ Box tested rats/animals and desire to earn food reinforcements (operate conditioning)

Question 18

Edward Tolman

Answer 18

Father of Cognitive Psychology (Tentative map indicating routes, pathways and environmental relationships in the rats brain, determines animals response)
Expose animal to environment and they will learn

Question 19

DO Hebb

Answer 19

If you fire the other cell the connection becomes stronger and is easier for it to keep firing (electrical signals)

________’s Postulate

Question 20

Max Wertheimer

Answer 20

Focused on illusions(errors in perception, memory, of judgement which subjective experience differs from objective reality

Question 21

Karl Lashley

Answer 21

Tested Rates in a maze by removing parts of their brain and finding learning centers: inspired the behavioral neuroscience(nervous system connects with Physiological processes)

Question 22

Norman Triplett

Answer 22

Conducted Experiments on how presence of others influences performance (1895)

Question 23

Broadbent/Miller

Answer 23

Limited capacity of mind was explored

Question 24

Mana’s Definition of Psychology

Answer 24

Scientific Investigation of Mind, Brain, and Behavior

Question 25

Mind

Answer 25

Private/Unobservable inner states inferred from changes in brain or behavior

Question 26

Brain

Answer 26

Organ or Mind/Behavior that processes sensory information and interactions integrated with internal states

Question 27

Behavior

Answer 27

Measurable and observable actions, allows mind to interact with the external world

Question 28

Nature(Plato)

Answer 28

Believed in nativism or that we are born with truth, it is important to trust our senses

Question 29

Nurture(Aristotle)

Answer 29

Believed in associative learning, experiences and senses, truth comes with experience

Question 30

Rene Descartes

Answer 30

Championed the idea of free will Proposed that mind and brain are separate: Dualist

Question 31

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 31

Father of scientific, social, structuralism, cultural psychology Founded first lab in 1877 Searched for simplest units of behavior to understand mind structure Championed use of introspection to study psych constructs like learning and attention

Question 32

Charles Darwin

Answer 32

Theory of Evolution The strongest traits are passed down through generations of natural selection for reproductive success

Question 33

William James

Answer 33

Believed mind could not be studied in parts but only as a whole Focused on the real world Functionalism: way a behavior helped an animal function in its environment is its most important feature

Question 34

Sigmund Freud

Answer 34

Psychoanalytic Theory | Emphasizes importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, emotions, and behaviors

Question 35

Hermann von Hemholtz

Answer 35

Stimulus/reaction time (Brain nerve impulse)

Question 36

Stanley Hall

Answer 36

Believed children grow in lifetime just like ancestors

Question 37

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Answer 37

Founders of Humanistic/Postive Psychology

Question 38

Functionalists

Answer 38

Mental abilities/environmental adaption

Question 39

Structuralists

Answer 39

analyze mind by component breakdown

Question 40

Dualism

Answer 40

Mind can operate separately from the body

Question 41

Hysteria

Answer 41

A temporary loss of cognitive and motor functions after emotionally upsetting experiences

Question 42

Introspection

Answer 42

Subjective observation of ones experiences

Question 43

Nativism

Answer 43

Plato: Philosophical view that knowledge is inborn/Innate

Question 44

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 44

Understanding human nature emphasizing positive potential of human beings

Question 45

Unconscious

Answer 45

Operates outside conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, actions, and feelings

Question 46

Noam Chompsky

Answer 46

Took down behaviorism, has to be observable, cognitive psychology

Question 47

Kurt Lewin

Answer 47

Persons behavior best predicted by understanding their subjective experience of the world (internal forces vs external forces)