WWU Psychology 101 Mana: Chapter One (Psych in a Nutshell) Flashcards
Absolutism
Same across all cultures
Relativism
Varies across cultures
Cognitive Psychology
Study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking, emotion, value
Behavioral Neuroscience
Uses physiological, pharmacological, surgical, genetic, and developmental tools to study neuro bases of behavior in human and non-human animals
Developmental Psychology
A branch of Psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
Social Psychology
A branch of psychology that focuses on the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior, how peoples thoughts, feeling, and behaviors are influenced by actual, imagines, or implied presence of others
Clinical Psychology
Deals with individuals psychological conflicts, crises, and life difficulties
Personality Psychology
Studies of structure, development, and overall adjustment and good health
Behaviorism
Scientific Study of objectively observable behavior
Response
Action or Physiological change elicited by a stimulus
Reinforcement
Consequences of Behavior determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again
Gestalt Psychology
An approach emphasizing the whole rather then the sum of the parts
Evolutionary Psychology
Explains mind/behavior in terms of adaptive value of abilities preserved over time by natural selection
Cultural Psychology
Study of how culture reflect/shape the psychological processes of members
Ivan Pavlov
Dog salivation experiment
Meat powder stimuli with salivation response, bell association with stimuli
Won the Nobel prize for work done on digestion
JB Watson
Proposed to focus on behavior because it can be measured objectively
Introspection is too subjective, little Albert experiment
BF Skinner
Animals act on environments to survive, wanted to find a principle explaining how they learned to act in situations
Questioned free will, reinforcement makes animals act a certain way
___________ Box tested rats/animals and desire to earn food reinforcements (operate conditioning)
Edward Tolman
Father of Cognitive Psychology (Tentative map indicating routes, pathways and environmental relationships in the rats brain, determines animals response)
Expose animal to environment and they will learn
DO Hebb
If you fire the other cell the connection becomes stronger and is easier for it to keep firing (electrical signals)
________’s Postulate
Max Wertheimer
Focused on illusions(errors in perception, memory, of judgement which subjective experience differs from objective reality
Karl Lashley
Tested Rates in a maze by removing parts of their brain and finding learning centers: inspired the behavioral neuroscience(nervous system connects with Physiological processes)
Norman Triplett
Conducted Experiments on how presence of others influences performance (1895)
Broadbent/Miller
Limited capacity of mind was explored
Mana’s Definition of Psychology
Scientific Investigation of Mind, Brain, and Behavior
Mind
Private/Unobservable inner states inferred from changes in brain or behavior
Brain
Organ or Mind/Behavior that processes sensory information and interactions integrated with internal states
Behavior
Measurable and observable actions, allows mind to interact with the external world
Nature(Plato)
Believed in nativism or that we are born with truth, it is important to trust our senses
Nurture(Aristotle)
Believed in associative learning, experiences and senses, truth comes with experience
Rene Descartes
Championed the idea of free will
Proposed that mind and brain are separate: Dualist
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of scientific, social, structuralism, cultural psychology
Founded first lab in 1877
Searched for simplest units of behavior to understand mind structure
Championed use of introspection to study psych constructs like learning and attention
Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution
The strongest traits are passed down through generations of natural selection for reproductive success
William James
Believed mind could not be studied in parts but only as a whole
Focused on the real world
Functionalism: way a behavior helped an animal function in its environment is its most important feature
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory
Emphasizes importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, emotions, and behaviors
Hermann von Hemholtz
Stimulus/reaction time (Brain nerve impulse)
Stanley Hall
Believed children grow in lifetime just like ancestors
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Founders of Humanistic/Postive Psychology
Functionalists
Mental abilities/environmental adaption
Structuralists
analyze mind by component breakdown
Dualism
Mind can operate separately from the body
Hysteria
A temporary loss of cognitive and motor functions after emotionally upsetting experiences
Introspection
Subjective observation of ones experiences
Nativism
Plato: Philosophical view that knowledge is inborn/Innate
Humanistic Psychology
Understanding human nature emphasizing positive potential of human beings
Unconscious
Operates outside conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, actions, and feelings
Noam Chompsky
Took down behaviorism, has to be observable, cognitive psychology
Kurt Lewin
Persons behavior best predicted by understanding their subjective experience of the world (internal forces vs external forces)
