WWU Psychology 101 Mana: Chapter 6 (Memory)

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time… continuous, dynamic representation of information in the brain… information moves from sensation to perception to memory (neural plasticity)

Question 2

Storage of Memory (how it works)

Answer 2

made by combing information we already have in our brains with new information that comes through our senses, constructed not recorded

Question 3

Semantic Judgments

Answer 3

thinking about meaning of words

Question 4

Rhyme Judgments

Answer 4

thinking about the sound of words

Question 5

Visual Judgments

Answer 5

thinking about the appearance of words

Question 6

Semantic Encoding

Answer 6

process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory (lower left part of frontal lobe and inner part of left temporal lobe)

Question 7

Visual Imagery Encoding

Answer 7

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures (activates visual processing regions in occipital lobe - can substantially improve memory)

Question 8

Organizational Encoding

Answer 8

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items (upper surface of left frontal lobe)

Question 9

Survival Encoding

Answer 9

higher levels of recall than several other non-survival encoding tasks involving all encoding listed previously (uses all three)

Question 10

storage

Answer 10

process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 11

Sensory memory

Answer 11

type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

Question 12

Iconic memory

Answer 12

fast-decaying store of visual information (visual cortex)

Question 13

Echoic memory

Answer 13

fast-decaying store of auditory information (auditory cortex - sounds)

Question 14

Short-term memory

Answer 14

holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute (holds about seven meaningful items at once - limited to how long it can hold information it can hold)

Question 15

Rehearsal

Answer 15

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

Question 16

Chunking

Answer 16

combing small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

Question 17

Working memory

Answer 17

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

Question 18

Long-term memory storage

Answer 18

holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years (no known capacity limits - amygdala mostly responsible)

Question 19

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 19

cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage (amnesia for events occurring after the trauma)

Question 20

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 20

inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

Question 21

Consolidation

Answer 21

process by which memories become stable in the brain (can be easily disrupted shortly after encoding –> resistant to disruption after consolidation) - sleep plays important role

Question 22

Reconsolidation

Answer 22

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

Question 23

Connections between Neurons

Answer 23

strengthened by their communication “cells that fire together, wire together” –> long term memory

Question 24

Long-term potentiation

Answer 24

whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier

Question 25

Retrieval Cue

Answer 25

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Question 26

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 26

a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Question 27

State-Dependent Memory Retrieval

Answer 27

tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval of original memory

Question 28

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 28

idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

Question 29

Retrieval-induced Forgetting

Answer 29

process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Question 30

Explicit Memory

Answer 30

when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences… every time you say “I remember…” (with conscious recall)

Question 31

Implicit memory

Answer 31

when past experiences influence later behavior and performance even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection (without conscious recall)

Question 32

Procedural Memory

Answer 32

gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or “knowing how” to do things

Question 33

Priming

Answer 33

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Question 34

Perceptual Priming

Answer 34

reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item

Question 35

Conceptual Priming

Answer 35

reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object

Question 36

Semantic Memory

Answer 36

network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Question 37

Episodic Memory

Answer 37

collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place (hippocampus)

Question 38

Collaborative Memory

Answer 38

how people remember in groups (helps with memory)

Question 39

Nominal group

Answer 39

combined recall of several individuals recalling target items on their own

Question 40

Transactive Memory

Answer 40

each member of the couple remembers certain kinds of information that they can share with the other

Question 41

Amnesia

Answer 41

inability to remember something (associated with brain damage)

Question 42

Henri Molaison

Answer 42

HM (treatment of epilepsy): temporal lobes are especially important to long term memory-HM’s surgery removed hippocampus and amygdala resulting in profound anterograde amnesia

Question 43

Hippocampus

Answer 43

memory

Question 44

Amygdala

Answer 44

emotional tone to memory

Question 45

Glutamate

Answer 45

Formation in hippocampus depends on specific type of ______ synapse (most common excitatory neurotransmitter),-When this happens receptors change so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated in the future… this change represents the “memory” of information

Question 46

Nootropics

Answer 46

intelligence enhancers -has to bind to NMDA-type glutamate receptors on postsynaptic neurons at the same time that the postsynaptic neurons are excited enough to have action potentials (needed to form memory)