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Psych 101 > WWU Psych 101 Mana: Chapter 4 (Sensation and Perception) > Flashcards

WWU Psych 101 Mana: Chapter 4 (Sensation and Perception) Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimal intensity need to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of trials

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2
Q

Accomodation

A

process by which eye maintains clear image on retina (flatter lens = far away, rounder = nearby)

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3
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

difference in retinal images of two eyes provides information about depth

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4
Q

Bipolar cells

A

collect neural signals/transmit to outer layer of retina

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5
Q

Change Blindness

A

when people fail to detect changes to visual details of a scene

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6
Q

Color Blindness

A

usually caused by problem with cones, red-green ____________________ most common. Can also be caused by damage to visual cortex.

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7
Q

Color Opponent System

A

pairs of visual neurons work in opposition (red vs. green, blue vs. yellow)

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8
Q

Cones

A

detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions/focus on fine detail (6 million in fovea)

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9
Q

Contralateral Vision

A

Both eyes can see each visual field, but right visual field is perceived by left hemisphere and left visual field is perceived by right hemisphere

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10
Q

Cornea (outer layer of eye)

A

bends light through pupil (hole)

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11
Q

Dorsal Pathway (Secondary Visual Cortex - V2)

A

projects into posterior parietal cortex, involved in different high-level perceptual skills and integration, such as perception of the spatial relationships between objects… sometimes called the “where” system

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12
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

occipital to parietal lobe/mid temporal (motion)

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13
Q

Farsightedness

A

back of retina (eyeball too short)

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14
Q

Feature-Integration Theory

A

(Treisman) focused attention not required to detect individual features comprising stimulus, but is required to bind features together

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15
Q

Fovea

A

area of retina where vision is clearest with no rods

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16
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failure to perceive objects that are not focus of attention

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17
Q

Interposition

A

blocking objects vs. distance

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18
Q

Iris (colored part of eye)

A

controls how much light can enter eye

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19
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

minimal change in stimulus that can just barely be detectable

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20
Q

Linear Perspective

A

parallel lines converge receding in distance

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21
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

A

aspects of scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye (distance vs. size)

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22
Q

Nearsightedness

A

front of retina (eyeball too long)

23
Q

Negative afterimages

A

occur when visual stimulus overexcites cells sensitive to one color

24
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Where axons from inner half of each retina crossover (allows information from the same visual field to be processed together in the same locations in the brain, making the processing task simpler)

25
Q

Optic Disc

A

blind spot at the back of eye where optic nerve leaves (location in visual field that provides no retinal sensation)

26
Q

Optic Nerve (bundle of RGCs)

A

where axons of RGCs leave the eye through hole in retina

27
Q

Parts-based object recognition

A

deconstructs viewed objects into collection of parts

28
Q

Perception

A

organization, identification, interpretation of sensation in order to form mental representation (brain)

29
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

30
Q

Photoreceptor Cells

A

cells in eye

31
Q

Presbyopia

A

hardening of lens with aging, prevents the lens from changing shape to accommodate to different distances of visual stimuli, you end up near sighted or far sighted

32
Q

Principles of Perceptual Organization

A

o Simplicity

33
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

can identify individual objects within a subject (such as car parts), but cannot identify what exactly it is (such as what kind of car or brand it is)

34
Q

Psychophysics

A

(Gustav Fechner) methods that measure strength of a stimulus to observer’s sensitivity of stimulus to measure individual perceptual experiences, discovered absolute thresholds, and difference thresholds

35
Q

Purity (# of distinct wavelengths that make up light)

A

saturation/richness

36
Q

Retina

A

light-sensitive tissue lining back of eyeball

37
Q

Retinal Ganglion Cells

A

organize signals/send to brain (1.5 million per eye)

38
Q

Rods

A

become active under low-light conditions for night vision (more sensitive –> shades of gray, 20 million around retina

39
Q

Sensation

A

simple stimulation of sense organ

40
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

response to stimulus depends on both sensitivity to stimulus in presence of noise and decision criterion (internal) –>perceptual sensitivity (hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection)

41
Q

Template (Theory of Object recognition)

A

mental representation directly compared to viewed shape in retinal image

42
Q

Texture Gradient

A

size of patterned elements/distance between grows smaller with surface receding

43
Q

Transduction

A

when many sensors in body convert physical signals from environment into encoded neural signals sent to CNS (communication between sensory receptors)

44
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

projects into the temporal lobe, involved in object recognition (the “what” system). Neurons here are sensitive to complex visual stimuli, representing information from many different parts of the eye.

45
Q

Ventral Stream

A

travels across occipital to lower temporal (represent shape/identity)

46
Q

Visible Light

A

portion of electromagnetic spectrum we can see

47
Q

Vision

A

The perception produced by detection of a narrow portion of the electromagnetic spectrum… light energy measured in photons

48
Q

Visual Acuity

A

ability to see fine detail (when we can see perfectly from 20 feet away)

49
Q

Visual Form Agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects by sight

50
Q

Visual System

A

visual energy –> neural signals

51
Q

Wave Intensity/Amplitude (peaks)

A

brightness

52
Q

Wave Length

A

hue

53
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND of stimulus is constant proportion despite variation in intensity (ability to notice change easier = large JND)

Psych 101 (6 decks)

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