WWU Psych 101 Mana: Chapter 3 (Neural Communication) Flashcards
Nervous System
Interacting network of neurons that convey electrochemical information throughout the body
Gross Anatomy
“big” anatomy
Neo Cortex
New Cortex (Mammals)
Archicortex
Old Cortex (Birds, frogs, etc.)
Peripheral Nervous system
Connect CNS to organs/muscles The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Central Nervous System
A subdivision of the human nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord Transmits and receives sensory messages to and from the PNS
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls self-regulated action of internal Organs and glands
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calming Body functions
Sympathetic Nervous System
Arousing body functions
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscle
Spinal Cord
Contains ascending sensory neurons and descending motor neuron pathways, as well as inter neurons that represent the circuitry of the spinal cord, they produce reflexive behaviors
Brain Stem
Contains sensory/motor pathways to/from spinal cord
Spinal reflexes
simple apthways in nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions
Hindbrain
Area of the brain the coordinates info in and out of the spinal cord (connects brain to the spinal cord)
Midbrain
Responsible for the auditory/visual orientation, reward, pain control, movement and arousal
Forebrain
Top of the brain which includes the thalamus, Hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, responsible for emotional regulation, complex thought, and memory aspect of personality
Gyri
Elevated portions of the cerebral cortex
Sulci
Shallow grooves that serpate gyri
Contralateral Control
Each hemisphere controls opposite side of the body
Corpus Callosum
Connects large areas of the brain, supports communication of info across hemispheres, connected by commissures)
Brain Plasticity
Adapt to chanes in sensory inputs (Becomes responsive to stimulation adjacent to missing limbs)
Lateral Ventricles
Space in each hemisphere filled with fluid (cerebral-spinal fluid - hydrolic cushion protects the brain through ventricles)
Synesthesia
Synthesis of senses, a sense production based on stimulation of another sense
John Hughlings-Jackson
Father of Medical Neurology, wife was epileptic, developed the homunculus
Occipital Lobe
Visual Information
Parietal Lobe
Touch information (Including pain and temperature)
Postcentral Gyrus (Somatosensory Cortex)
A brain area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body sensations
Primary Motor Cortex
An area of the brain, near the rear of the frontal lobes, that controls voluntary movement
Temporal Lobe
Hearing/Language, Associated with emotion, language, and memory formation
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Subcortical Structures
Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain
Lateral Sulcus
Separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Thalamus
A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except small) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex. Its acts as a relay station of the brain. Attention/sleep
Hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system and secretion of hormones, stress response (body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior)
Cerebellum
Integrates sensory input and motor info to coordinate fine movements, maintain posture, also has a role in learning and integrating emotion/language (not part of brain stem due to complexity
Right Hemisphere
Sensations from, and movement of left side of the body, also involved with object and shape recognition, prosody (music of language)
Left Hemisphere
Sensations from and movement of the right side of the body, also language and reasoning
Precentral Gyrus
Primary Motor Cortex
Post Central Gyrus
Primary sensory cortex
Association areas
Composed of neurons that Help provide sense/meaning to information registered in the cortex, (areas of the cerebral cortex which have no specific motor or sensory responsibilities, but rather are involved in thinking, memory, and judgement.)
Mirror Neurons
Same neurons activate when Animal preforms behavior and when animal observes other animals performing the same behavior (frontal/parietal lobe)
Neurons
Cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to preform
cell body
largest component of neuron that coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive •Protein synthesis, energy production, metabolism •Contains nucleus (houses chromosomes that contain DNA) •Surrounded by porous cell membrane that allows travel of molecules through cell
dendrites
receive information from other neurons and relay it to cell body
Axon(soma)
carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Myelin Sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. •Composed of glial cells (support cells found in nervous system) •Nodes of Ranvier: sausage link looking break point clumps facilitates action potential conduction
synapse
the junction between the axon of a neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
Sensory Neurons
receive information from the external world and convey this information to brain via spinal cord
Motor Neurons
Carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement
Interneurons
Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons
Neural Communication
Electrical chemical action of neurons
Conduction
The movement of an electric signal within neurons, from the dendrites to the ell body, then throughout the axon
Transmission
Movement of electrical signals from one neuron to another over the synapse
Electric Signaling
Conducting new information within an neuron
Ions
Electrically charged molecules that travel through the cell membrane pore channels
Resting Potential
The difference between the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane (natural electrical charge that remains neutrally charged)
Action Potential
An electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neurons axis to a synapse
Saltatory Conduction
Charge jump from node to node down myelinated axon helps sped the flow of information
Terminal Buttons
Knob like structures that branch out from the axon (where the axon ends)
Presynaptic neuron
Sending Neuron goes from resting to action potential as molecules flow across the membrane
Postsynaptic Neuron
Receptor sites on a nearby dendrite of receiving neuron that captures neurons floating across the synapse and bind to it(Initiates the action potential that continues on to the next neurons)
Synaptic Neuron
Allows neurons to communicate with each other and ultimately underlines thoughts, emotions, and behavior
3 Ways Neurotransmitters leave synapse
-Reuptake (reabsorbed by terminal buttons of presynaptic neurons axon -Enzyme deactivation -Bind to auto receptors on presynaptic neurons
Acetylcholine
Involved in a number of functions including voluntary motor control, attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming, and memory (where axons connect to muscles and body organs)
Dopamine
Regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal
Glutamate
Major Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain (enhances transmission between neurons)
GABA (Gama-aminobutyric Acid)
Primary Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (stops neuron firing)
Norepinephrine
Involved instates of vigilance of heightened awareness of dangers in environment (effects mood and arousal, related to serotonin)
Seratonin
Involved instates of vigilance of heightened awareness of dangers in environment (effects mood and arousal, related to norepinephrine)
Endorphins
Chemicals that act within pathways and emotional centers of the brain (dulls pain, elevate mood)
Agonists
Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter
Antagonists
Ddrugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
Amygdala
A portion of the limbic system in the forebrain that is important for memory and emotion, especially fear
Hippocampus
A portion of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning
Basal Ganglia
A set of subcortical structure that directs intentional movements
Limbic System
A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
Pituitary Gland
Master gland of bodys hormone producing system that directs functions of other glands in the body
Striatum
Set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements (posture/dance)
Frontal Lobe
Specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgment
Medulla
Extension of spinal cord into skull that coordinates information coming in and out of spinal cord
Pons
Structure that relays information from cerebellum to the rest of the brain
Tectum
Orients an organism to the environment
Tegmentum
Part of the midbrain responsible for movement, arousal, mood, and motivation
Reticular Formation
A network of cells in the brainstem that filters sensory information and in involved in arousal and alertness
