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Medicine > Ww1 > Flashcards

Ww1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the BEF stand for and what is it?

A

British expeditionary force
A trained permanent army

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2
Q

When was the first battle of Ypres?

A

October - November 1914

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3
Q

When was the second battle of Ypres?

A

April - may 1915

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4
Q

When was Gallipoli landings

A

1915 august

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5
Q

When was the battle of verdun

A

February - December 1916

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6
Q

When was the battle of the Somme

A

July - November 1916

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7
Q

When was the battle of arras

A

April - may 1917

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8
Q

When was the third battle of Ypres

A

July - November 1917

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9
Q

When was the battle of Cambrai

A

November - December 1917

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10
Q

When was the German spring offensive

A

Spring 1918

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11
Q

What happened in the first battle of Ypres

A
  • British troops stopped German army capturing ports (Calais)
    So reinforcement could keep arriving from Britain
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12
Q

Where did the trenches stretch in the first battle of Ypres

A

Switzerland to the English Channel

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13
Q

What happened at the second battle of Ypres

A

Germans attacked using chlorine gas for the first time
They failed to capture Ypres

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14
Q

How many allied casualties where there in the second battle of Ypres

A

60,000

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15
Q

How many German casualties were there in the second battle of Ypres

A

35,000

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16
Q

What happened at the Gallipoli landings (aim..)

A

British, Australian, New Zealand forces landed at Gallipoli (turkey)
With the aim to delete turkey (germans ally)
Failed with high casualties

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17
Q

What happened at the battle of verdun

A

German forces attacked french army

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18
Q

How many french soldiers were killed at the battle of verdun

A

160,000

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19
Q

What was the aim of the battle of the Somme

A

The British and french launched major attack
With the aim to force Germany to move troops away from verdun to Somme to relive pressure on french

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20
Q

What were the British casualties on the first day of the battle of the Somme

A

60,000

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21
Q

What were the British casualties by the end of the battle of the Somme

A

400,000

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22
Q

Was the battle of the Somme successful and why

A

Yes
British force gained 5 miles of land

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23
Q

When did the US enter the war

A

April 1917

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24
Q

What happened at the battle of arras

A

Allied attack on Germany
Some ground was captured initially but casualties high

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25
Q

What was the aim of the third battle of Ypres

A

Capture passchendale ridge near Ypres

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26
Q

What happened at the 3rd battle of Ypres

A

British + allies launched a major attack to stop Germans
German defences where very strong
It was muddy = 245000 casualties

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27
Q

When was the Russian revolution

A

October 1917

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28
Q

What is significant about the battle of cambrai

A

It was the first time the GB army used a large number of tanks to attack German trenches

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29
Q

Was the battle of Cambria successful

A

Initial success but the forced back

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30
Q

How many British casualties were in the battle of cambrai

A

40,000

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31
Q

What was the German spring offensive + aim

A

German army = major attack along 50 mile front
Aim= bring war to end before america arrived + Germans ran out of food

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32
Q

Was the German spring offensive successfully and why

A

Successful at first -200,000 GB casualties
However the German army could not make a complete breakthrough

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33
Q

What happened in the final months of the war

A

Allied army - reinforced by fresh UStroops
They broke through German lines + pushed back
Germany had no resources left to fight

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34
Q

Was the first battle of Ypres a failure or a success + why

A

Fail - gb lost 50,000 men and German army now surrounded Ypres
Success - Calais defended

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35
Q

Was the mines at hill 60 a fail or a success + why

A

Success - gained hill 60 (man made hill) by blowing the top of
So British could take strategically important position

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36
Q

Was the second battle of Ypres a fail or a success + why

A

Fail- bg lost 59,000 men
Germans move 2 miles closer to Ypres

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37
Q

Was the battle of the Somme a fail or a success + why

A

Fail- large casualties

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38
Q

Was the battle of arras a fail or a success + why

A

Success - appeared successfully in first few days
Advanced 8 miles
Slowed
No further progress

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39
Q

Was the mines at hill 60 a fail or a success + why

A

Success - gb moved edge of salient back 7 miles
Fail- 245,000 gb casualties

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40
Q

Was the battle of cambrai a fail or a success + why

A

Successful- 500 tanks used (easily moved across barbed wire)
Machine guns effective
Less successful- only half of the guns where operational on the second day

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41
Q

How long did soldiers spend there time away from trenches (%)

A

45%

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42
Q

Where was the communication trench

A

Behind firing lines
Ran between other trenches (linked firing line with command support reserve)

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43
Q

What were saps (trenches)

A

Small trenches that pushed out into no mans land

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44
Q

How long did soldiers spend at the front line trench (%)

A

15%

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45
Q

What happens at the front line trench

A

Attacks made from here - closest to the enemy

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46
Q

How long did soldiers spend at the support trench (%)

A

10%

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47
Q

What happened at the support trench

A

Behind front line
Troops could retreat here if the front line was under attack

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48
Q

Reserve trench

A

Behind support trench
Reserve troops could be mobilised for a counter attack if frontline was captured

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49
Q

How long did soldiers spend at the reserve trench (%)

A

20%

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50
Q

What was the function of the parados (trenches)

A

Stop bullets carrying onto next line of trenches

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51
Q

What was the function of the reveting (trenches)

A

Strengthens sides with wood / netting / corrugated iron

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52
Q

What was the function of the duck board (trenches)

A

Stop soldiers standing on wet floors

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53
Q

What was the function of the fire step (trenches)

A

Allow men to fire weapons from trenches

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54
Q

What was the function of the parapet (trenches)

A

Front side (bullet proof)
Lined with wooden planks
Netting
Sandbags

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55
Q

What was the function of the barbed wire (trenches)

A

Harder for enemy to attack head on

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56
Q

What Illnesses were common in the trenches

A

Trench fever
Trench foot
Shell shock
Dysentery
Frostbite

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57
Q

What was the cause of trench fever

A

Call cramped conditions
It’s spread quickly as blankets are infested with lice (grey backs)


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58
Q

One medical officer on the Somme found what percentage of men have inspected lice?

A

75%

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59
Q

What is trench fever also known as

A

PUO

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60
Q

What are the symptoms of trench fever

A

Flu like symptoms headaches shivering pain in joints which last five days

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61
Q

How bad was trench fever and recovery time

A

Sometimes it was so bad the men were sent out the army
Up to 12 weeks to recover and up to 2 months in hospital

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62
Q

By January 1915 what fraction men were lost a trench foot

A

1/6

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63
Q

What was the cause of trench foot

A

Wearing tight wet boots for too long
cold wet winter of 1914 - 15 made it more common


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64
Q

What were the two stages of trench foot

A

The first stage was painful swollen feet
The second stage we when the blood flow got cut off and some develop gangrene (lack of blood flow caused body flesh to die)


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65
Q

How could trench foot kill

A

The developed gangrene could spread around the body

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66
Q

What percent of all casualties was caused by shellshock

A

28%

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67
Q

Causes of shellshock

A

Explosion shocked CNS causing brain damage
An emotional disorder caused by traumatic trench environments of death destruction and noise

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68
Q

What are the symptoms of shellshock

A

Tiredness hearing loss headaches nightmares loss of speech

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69
Q

In 1916 how many cases of shellshock were there in six months

A

16000

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70
Q

How many cases of shellshock were recorded

A

80,000

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71
Q

In 1917 what was the new Medical term to be given to shellshock

A

NYDN
Not yet diagnose nervous

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72
Q

What was the cause of dysentery

A

Lack of sanitation
Flooding caused toilets dug in trenches to overflow spreading bacteria

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73
Q

Symptoms of dysentery

A

Diarrhoea dehydration

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74
Q

What was the cause of frostbite

A

Little shelter during the winter

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75
Q

In the winter 1914 - 15 How many cases of frostbite were there 

A

6000

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76
Q

What did frostbite lead to

A

Lead to numbness which led to painfull blistering which led to gangrene as flesh began to die

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77
Q

What was responsible for 60% of the wounds

A

Explosives and shells

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78
Q

Causes of wounds

A

Shrapnel
shell explosions

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79
Q

What did shrapnel wound

A

Arms and legs
Horrific facial injuries leaving without a jaw nose or ears 

80
Q

What percentage of wounds were bullets responsible for

A

40%

81
Q

How did the machine gun bullet design develop to cause more damage

A

They developed a more pointed bullet which would cause further damage and further injury the machine guns could also now fire 450 rounds a minute

82
Q

What did machine guns cause (wounds)

A

Break of major bones and piercer vital organs

83
Q

At the start of the war what was the survival rate for blood loss

A

20%

84
Q

What protection from head injuries were there at the start of the war

A

Men only wore soft leather so there were many head injuries which was the least protective part in the trenches

85
Q

Causes of infection

A

On the battle of the Western front it was fought on farmland therefore bullets and shrapnel that Pierce soldiers would carry soil and manure into the wound causing infection
This bacteria will include tetanus and gas gangrene
Men would also become infected as they had to lay in mud for hours

86
Q

Why was infection dangerous

A

Many men recovered from initial injuries but later died from infection even minor injuries were risk of fatal infection

87
Q

What is gas gangrene

A

The most dangerous bacteria surgeons had little experience in dealing and therefore there were many deaths in early stages the infections had a sweet smell and swollen then they turned white then green and a bubbling sound when pressed

88
Q

What percentage of British Soldiers died in gas attacks

A

Fewer than 5%

89
Q

When was the first deadly gas attack - who and what gas

A

Second battle of Ypres 1915
Germans used chlorine gas 
Hundreds of soldiers died

90
Q

What did chlorine gas cause

A

Suffocation

91
Q

What did phosgene gas cause

A

Similar effects to chlorine gas (suffocation) but faster

92
Q

What was Caused by mustard gas and when was it used

A

First used by Germans in 1917 and calls are burning internal external blistering breathing difficulties and blindness

93
Q

What did soldiers from New Zealand in North England do before the Battle of Arras

A

They dug a network of tunnels beneath the ground of Arras
Chalky earth made totally easy they were rooms with running water and electricity commendation for soldiers are sleeping in a hospital with 700 beds there was also an operating theatre built tunnels are use for shelter from artillery fire and the turtles head 24,000 troops before the battle

94
Q

3 main types of sources

A

First hand accounts
Images and pictures
Documents

95
Q

Examples of images and picture sources

A

Maps
Paintings
Diagrams
Photos

96
Q

Examples of document sources

A

Record collections
Medical hero also
Official records

97
Q

Examples of firsthand account sources

A

Diaries of soldiers
Letters

98
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using paintings as a source

A

A- visual for investigations into conditions
D- made in commemoration

99
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using photos as a source

A

A- gives a snapshot of a historic site at a particular time
D- doesnt always tell the whole story

100
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using
Maps as a source

A

A- shows how a site was laid out + how it worked

101
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using official records as a source as a source

A

A- statistics or factual information, dated
D- one-sided, not always obvious who wrote them

102
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using letters as a source

A

A- dated,
D- censored by army, written for an audience

103
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using diaries as a source

A

A- not censored, dates, no reason to lie
D, can be influenced by emotion at the time

104
Q

Who discovered x-rays and when

A

Wilhelm röntegen
1895

105
Q

How did WR discover x rays

A

Noticed- cathode ray in test tube were lighting on a far wall even though he had coved it in place paper
He found it could also pass through wood rubber and human flesh but not bone or metal

106
Q

What was the impact of the x-ray discovery

A

Immediate
Within 6 months hospitals including the London royal hospital were using them to identify problems

107
Q

What was the chain of evacuation

A

A process of moving injured soldiers to get medical treatment

108
Q

After stretcher bearers brought soldiers from the front line what where the 4 main stages

A

Regimental act
Dressing stations
Casualty clearing stations
Base hospitals

109
Q

Where were the regimental aid posts

A

Nearest to the trenches

110
Q

Where did the soldiers go if they required more than just first aid

A

Casualty clearing stations

111
Q

What was the location of the dressing stations and why

A

Further back but still close enough to the trenches for wounded to walk or be carried

112
Q

Location of base hospitals and why

A

Far from trenches
Near coast so could be transported home if necessary

113
Q

What was carried on the stretcher bearers

A

Basic medical supplies
Bandages and morphine

114
Q

What was the role of the stretcher bearers

A

Recovered the dead and wounded

115
Q

What difficulties did stretcher bearers face in transporting the wounded

A

Had to deal with mud + shell crates + crowded twisting trenches

116
Q

What was the issue with the number of stretcher bearers

A

16 bearers per battalion of up to a thousand soldiers
4 men to carry one (6-8 in mud)
Often not enough bearers

117
Q

What was the location of the RAP (regimental aid post)

A

Very close to the front line (sometimes in firing trenches )

118
Q

What was the role of the regimental Medical officer

A

Had to distinguish between the lightly wounded and those in need of medical attention
Would bandage and send men back to action

119
Q

What where the difficulties working in the regimental aid post

A

Poorly lit tunnels under fire
Only one medical officer for a team of 30 orderlies and stretcher bearers

120
Q

What was the location of the field ambulance and dressing stations (ADS)

A

Set up dressing stations in tents or derelict buildings (behind front line)

121
Q

Who were the field ambulance staff

A

Large mobile medical unit
Medical officers support staff + some nurses from 1915

122
Q

What is triage

A

The system of splitting the wounded into groups according to who needs immediate attention,

123
Q

What wa s the problem with the number of casualties in field ambulance and dressing stations

A

Could deal with around 159 men but during bigger wars were more

124
Q

What was the location of casualty clearing stations

A

7-12 miles from fighting - large tents, huts or schools

125
Q

What were the staff and facilities at the casualty clearing stations

A

Around 7 doctors with nursing and other staff
Contained operating theatres, mobile x-ray machines, wards with beds for around 50, kitchens, toilets, accommodation

126
Q

How many casualties where there in casualty clearing stations

A

Deal with thousands at a time - often has far more in first two years of the war

127
Q

Location and of base hospitals

A

Civilian hospitals or large converted buildings

128
Q

Transportation to the base hospitals

A

Near railways so patients could be moved quickly, arrived by motor ambulance, train or even by barge along canals

129
Q

Facilities at base hospitals

A

Could take up to 25000 patients, had operating theatres , labs, x-ray department, some specialists centres for treating specific problems

130
Q

What was the destination of soldiers after treatment in base hospitals

A

Sent back to England, others sent to convalescent wards or return to fighting

131
Q

What were the facilities in the underground hospital at arras

A

Space for 700
Operating theatre, rest stations for stretcher bearers , mortuary
Had electricity’s d piped water

132
Q

When was the evacuation route more effective and why

A

More effective in 1918 than 1914 as in 1914 there were issues such as higher casualty numbers than expected + no motor ambulances

133
Q

What improvements where made to the evacuation route

A

250 motor ambulances
Ambulance train holding 1800 casualties
Ambulance barges (river Somme)

134
Q

What evidence that the evacuation route was a success was there

A

7000 casualties from 3 days during the battle of arras successfully treated as they had enough staff and supplies

135
Q

Chain of evacuation allowed what % of casualties to be treated and return to fight

A

67%

136
Q

What does RAMC stand for

A

Royal army medical Corps

137
Q

What jobs did the RAMC do

A

Organised + provided medical care
(Stretcher bearers, surgeons ect.)

138
Q

What was the responsibility of the RAMC

A

Keep men healthy through good sanitation
Treated wounded + sick

139
Q

How did the RAMC cope with the scale of the war

A

They recruited more men to help
9000 in 1914
12x to 113,000 by 1918
More recruited by raising age at which doctors could serve to 45

140
Q

What does FANY stand for

A

First aid nursing yeomanry

141
Q

What does VAD stand for

A

Volunteer aid detachment

142
Q

How did the number of queen Alexander nurses increase through the war + why

A

300 in 1914 but 10,000 by end of war
British army only accepted QAN + turned away volunteer nurses
The number of casualties changed and attitudes changes + 1000 of women were working

143
Q

What were the responsibilities of the queen Alexander nurses

A

Varied work
Professional nursing in OT to scrubbing floors, coking and washing clothes

144
Q

What where the responsibilities of the VAD

A

Middle to upper class women (volunteered)
Little experience scrubbed + cleaned
By 1917 doing more nursing work

145
Q

When was FANY founded

A

1907

146
Q

What were the FANY responsibilities

A

One unit ran the Calais ambulance convoy from 2nyears
22 drivers and 12 ambulances
Others carried supplies to front
Drove motorised kitchens

147
Q

How many women helped volunteer as ambulance drivers for the FANY

A

500

148
Q

Why was the work fo RAMC and nursing difficult due to new wounds

A

Machine guns more pointed so caused further damage, shrapnel wounded arms and legs and led to facial injuries , shell blasts causes concussions

149
Q

Why was the work fo RAMC and nursing difficult due to number of casualties

A

On first day of Somme almost 60,000 casualties so workload was harder on the,

150
Q

Why was the work fo RAMC and nursing difficult due to terrain and working conditions

A

Overwhelmed
More medical posts set up to prepare for casualties
Bad muddy terrain

151
Q

Description of the problem- infection

A

Many rooms are already infected when the soldiers reached operating theatres as a result of fragments on body clothing getting in the wound
Aseptic operating theatres were not enough for infection

152
Q

Solutions/treatments developed -infection 

A

The early method was that Windsor Rushton carbolic lotion sewn Then wrapped in bandages soaked in carbolic acid
New anti-tetanus set up by end of 1914
There was still no cure to gas gangrene they would be dead in the day

153
Q

How many great British soldiers got amputation

A

41,000

154
Q

Important individual - infection

A

Antoine depage (Belgian doctor)

155
Q

What did Antoine depage do

A

Helps with infection
Explored a wound and removed objects and all damaged tissue
Washed away and to decrease infection by cutting away or dead will damage tissue
It was done quickly and then stitch close but if any not removed infection will spread again
X-rays were used to make sure all shrapnel was removed
You also left the window open to air for 24 to 48 hours to check for bacteria under a microscope - If not infected closed

156
Q

What percent of injuries to the head of caused by bullets and shrapnel

A

20%

157
Q

Solutions/treatments developed - head injuries

A

X-rays were used to identify shrapnel and bullets
The number of head injuries meant surgeons could practice skills
Helmets - from a soft cap to a brodie steel helmet

158
Q

The steel helmet made to protect head injuries reduced them by

A

80%

159
Q

What did Harvey Cushing develop

A

New brain surgery techniques
Used magnets to remove shrapnel
Used local anaesthetic instead of general anaesthetic (ga inflated Brain + increased risks)

160
Q

Men suffering wounds to legs at begging of the war had what % chance of survival

A

20%

161
Q

What harm did bullets cause

A

Broken bones and pierced organs
(Blood loss + shock)

162
Q

What were x-rays used for at the start of the war

A

Identified shell fragments + bullets
Find an accurate location
Find broken bones

163
Q

At the start of the war what % of fractured femurs in trenches died and at the end of the war

A

80%
20%

164
Q

What was the thomas splint

A

Strapped around leg before moved to protect from damage

165
Q

What were the difficulties with x-rays

A

Couldn’t detect all objects in body (clothing driven in by shrapnel)
Wounded had to stay still for several mins during x-ray
Tubes in X-ray were fragile + overheated quick
X-rays only used one hour at a time (problem if lots of wounded)

166
Q

How did they solve the problem of the x-ray machine only working for an hour then needing to rest

A

They had 3 machines working in rotation

167
Q

British doctors transfused blood from one to another but it was …

A

Slow and not successful

168
Q

What were the problems with blood transfusion

A

Slow
Not successful
Couldnt store blood without it clotting
Patient had to be connected to donor

169
Q

What made the blood loss problem more urgent

A

Guns + explosives

170
Q

What was the syringe cannula technique

A

Took blood from donor using a needle and syringe and transfused into patient quickly

171
Q

In 1915 blood transfusions where pioneered by a Canadian doctor using indirect methords
Why use that methord

A

Stops patient going into shock

172
Q

Blood transfusions where proved successful at base hospitals in 1915 by 1917 where were they used

A

In casualty clearing stations as a routine measure

173
Q

What did Geoffrey Keynes design

A

Portable blood transfusions kit which provided blood transfusions close to front line
He also added a devise to regulate flow of blood in bottle to prevent clotting

174
Q

Why were facial injuries dangerous

A

Caused infection and there was an abcenses of effective anaesthetic

175
Q

What were skin grafts

A

Taking skin from another part of the body and putting it on the area of the wound

176
Q

How many plastic surgery’s were carried out

A

11,000

177
Q

What did the amount of facial injuries lead to (surgery wise)

A

Increased experience
In 1915 - 7 hospitals in France specialised for it

178
Q

Who was Harold Gilles

A

Ear nose and throat surgeon

179
Q

Where was Harold gillies sent and what did that lead to

A

Sent to western front in 1915
Saw head injuries causing severe disfigurement which led to interest in facial reconstruction

180
Q

Where did men who required surgery go

A

Britain

181
Q

In 1917 what hospital provided plastic surgery

A

Queens hospital in Kent

182
Q

Solutions / treatment for trench fever

A

Bath houses built to clean men + clothes
Machines to steam clothes
Picked lice out by hand (boosted moral)

183
Q

July 1917+1918 what % of men were unfit for duty with trench foot

A

15%

184
Q

Solutions /treatment for trench foot

A
  • rubbing oil into feet , keep feet dry, change socks
  • each soldier have 3 pairs of socks
  • men split into pairs to look at others feet
  • Mechanical pumps sent to trenches to reduce water logging
185
Q

What did gangrene mean for soldiers

A

Amputation was needed to stop spread

186
Q

Solutions / treatments for gas injuries

A

-gas masks given to all British groups in July 1915
- before developed own masks (soaked Cotten pads with urine + pressed on faces to help stop gas entering lungs
- gave sufferer o2 to reduce breathing problems + washed skin to remove poison gas

187
Q

What % of overall casualties where caused by shell shock (+ how many cases)

A

1%
80,000

188
Q

What were some accused of who were suffering from shell shock and why

A

Cowardice
As it was not well understood
Some were punished or shit others were treated in Britain

189
Q

In 1916 how many cases of shell shock were recorded in Britain in 6 months

A

16000

190
Q

Treatments for shell shock

A

Given rest + food
Most sent back to fight

191
Q

Where were people with shell shock treated and why

A

Front line as there was worry of catching it even though it was not contagious

192
Q

What did carrel + dak develop in 1915

A

Infection prevention
Antiseptic solution that could be flushed into wounds using rubber tubes before closure
(Irrigation)
Lasted 6 hours

193
Q

What did Richard Lewisohn discover

A

Sodium citrate could be added to blood to prevent clotting and therefore blood could be stored so the donor didn’t have to be present so increased number of blood transfusion

194
Q

Store blood deteriorated quick - what did scientists find to allow it to be stored for several days

A

Refrigerated conditions + citrate glucose

195
Q

The 1st blood depot created before which battle

A

Battle of cambrai in 1917

Medicine (5 decks)

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