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Medicine > Renaissance > Flashcards

Renaissance Flashcards

1
Q

Renaissance period

A

1500 to 1700
16th and 17th


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2
Q

Four human theory

A

The theory that the body would be in good health of the human is were balanced

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3
Q

Secular

A

Not religious or in any way connected with spiritual beliefs

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4
Q

Printing press

A

A machine for printing texts or pictures

they had movable letters say that many copies of the same text to be printed

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5
Q

The Royal Society

A

A group of scientists who wanted to make new discoveries and share new ideas

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6
Q

Quarantine

A

Separate from the rest of the local population because of illness

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7
Q

Scrofula

A

Tuberculosis of the gland in the neck sometimes known as the King’s evil as it was believed that being touched by the king could cure the disease

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8
Q

Scarlet fever

A

An infectious disease mostly affecting children

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9
Q

Apothecaries

A

A pharmacist or chemist

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10
Q

When was the printing press invented

A

1450

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11
Q

When was the dissolution of the monasteries in England

A

1536

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12
Q

When was the publication of vesLius the fabric of the human body

A

1543

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13
Q

When did William Harvey published his books on the circulation of the blood

A

1628

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14
Q

When was the Royal Society founded

A

1660

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15
Q

 when did the great plague arrive in England

A

1665

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16
Q

When did Thomas Sydenham publish observations on medicine

A

1676

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17
Q

When did royal doctors try to save the life of Charles the second

A

1685

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18
Q

Who was thomas sydenham

A

A docotr who made progress in how to diagnose disease

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19
Q

When was thomas sydenham around

A

Renassance 1624-1689

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20
Q

What did sydenham tell doctors they must do to diagnose a pacient?

A
  • check pulse
  • “you must go to the bedside. It is there alone that you learn about diseas”
  • encouraged observations x to note down symptoms
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21
Q

Sudenham provided the first prescription of what?

A

Scarlet fever (how it differs from measles)

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22
Q

What did sydenham belibe about disease?

A

Each disease was differnt

It was importnat to identify the cause of diease so that correct treatment could be given

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23
Q

How did sydenham differ from the medival methord of treating disease?

A

Used observations instead of 4 humors

Illness caused by external factors

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24
Q

What was the name of sydenhams book and what did it argue?

A

‘Medical obervation’

Illness caused by external factors

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25
Q

How did thomas sydenham lead to medical progress in the renaissance period?

A

He introduced new ideas instead of hippocratiesvand galen. Wanted to treat disease and not just symptoms. His book was used by doctors for 200 years.

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26
Q

What were the similarities in how treatments were based on the four hunors in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

Still beleived 4 humors had to be balenced

Eg. Used to treat charles ll before he died.

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27
Q

What were the differences in how treatments were based on the four hunors in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

No differnece in treatments but ingredients where differnt .

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28
Q

What were the similarities in how treatments were based on the herbal remedies in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

Still many used and passed down through generations of woman.

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29
Q

What were the differnces in how treatments were based on the herbal remedies in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

New plants were discovered in the New World
Quinine from South America was used to effectively treat malaria
Thomas sydenham popularised its use
more people can now read and write so more people are writing down home-made remedies the printing press ment knowledge could spread faster.

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30
Q

What were the similarities in how treatments were based on miasma in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

They still believed in thus theory and so used treatments like sweet smelling herbs and they tried to keep houses clean

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31
Q

What were the differneces in how treatments were based on miasma in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

Smoking tobacco from america was believed to prevent illness from bad air

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32
Q

What were the similarities in how treatments were based on god and supersition in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

They still believed that the king coukd cure scrofula this was becuase he was fods representative.
They also continued to prey and use cures based on magic

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33
Q

What were the differences in how treatments were based on god and supersition in the medival and the renaissance period?

A

These treatments were not as popular as tget were in the middle ages

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34
Q

Ideas about the cause of disease and illness in the renaissance peeiod

A

Miasma
Four humors
Not supernatural

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35
Q

Methords of treating disease and illness in the renaissance period

A 
Folk remedies
God 
The king 
Purging
Blood letting 
Herbal remedies
Opposite theory
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36
Q

Preventing disease (continuity) - (4)

A

Miasma
Cleanliness was still very important the home and the body needed to be kept clean and free from bad smells
Superstition and prayer
People continue to practice regimen sanitatis ( A loose set of instructions provided by physician to help a patient maintain good health)


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37
Q

Preventing disease (change) (4)

A

 bathing less common since arival of syphilis people now kept clean by changing their clothes more often. (Syphilis was linked to bath houses, bath houses where also used at brothels)
Avoiding rich and fatty foods and too much strong alchahol
Barometers and thermometer is used to measure whether, surrounding atmosphere was also related.
More steps to remove miasma (eg removing sewage and picking up rubish from the streets)
Home owners were finned for not cleaning the streets
projects were set up to drain the swamps and bogs.



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38
Q

Renaissance care providers - similaritys for physicians in r and m period.

A

For most of the period physicians still learning Galens work and other ancient writers books.
In 1668 Samuel pepy noticed leading expert on London Eye problem has only seen an animal dissected.

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39
Q

Renaissance care providers - differences for physicians in r and m period.

A

Towards the end of this period late 1600s of trainers of doctors began to change two examples are :

  • more chances to dissect bodies so they can learn themselves
  • new equipment developed - microscopes, thermoeter, still needed imrovement in the future.
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40
Q

Renaissance care providers - similaritys for apothecarys in r and m period.

A

They still provided familiar and cheaper remedies

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41
Q

Renaissance care providers - differences for apothecarys in r and m period.

A

No differences

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42
Q

Renaissance care providers - similaritys for women in r and m period.

A

Women were still a major part of everyday medicine

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43
Q

Renaissance care providers - differences for women in r and m period.

A

Wealthy ladies had a large role in providing care for local families
one example is lady Grace mildway (1552 to 1620) red William Turner’s book (a new herbal) as a child
then books by Galen and ibn sinna
kept records of her patients and treatments.

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44
Q

Renaissance care providers - similaritys for barber + master surgeons in r and m period.

A

Barber surgeons were still used for small operation

master surgeons still cared for wealthy.

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45
Q

Vesalius’ questioning attitude caused him to believe what

A

That said he would only be successful if doctors had a proper understanding of the anatomy and
it was vital to ask questions and challenge traditional ideas

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46
Q

How was vesalius able to study human anatomy more closely

A

He preformed disections on criminals

47
Q

What did vesalius do with his obervations?

A

Wrote a book using acurate diagrams to illustrate work.

  • 6 anatomical pictures (1538)
  • the fabric of the human body (1543)
48
Q

Which machine spread vesalius’s books?

A

Printing press

49
Q

How many mistakes did vesalius find in galens work

A

300

50
Q

3 reasons how vesalius proved galen wrong?

A

1) human jaw bond is made from one bone not two like galen said.
2) the breastbone had 3 parts, not 7 as galen said.
3) men did not have one fewer pair of ribs as galen thought.

51
Q

Vesalius published his findinf in what book?

A

The fabric of the hunan body

52
Q

What did the fabric of the human body contain

A

The first Highly illustrated book describing the human body.

53
Q

Explain how renaissance artists helped to share vesalius’s work?

A

(Jan van calcar)
People Who were keen to paint the human body work more accurately
(showed complex formations of muscles, nervous system ,blood vessels and skeletons)

54
Q

When was the first dissection by an anatomist first carried out?

A

In cabridge in 1565

55
Q

What did vesalius encorage?

A

People to question galen, and disect - look for themselves.

56
Q

Vesalius improves care in the renaissance period because?

A

He has given then a better undertandinf of tbe human body. Looked at body for answers not ancient books.

57
Q

The impact of vesalius on training of physicians

A
  • physicians gained a more detailed and accurate knowledge of anatomy.
  • anatomy became a centeral part of the study of medicine .
  • physicians now carried out disections themselves.
  • vesalius laid foundations of modern anatomical study
58
Q

Vesalius did not lead to significant change because.?

A
  • he found no new ways to treat disease
  • people slow to accept his work.
  • traditional physicians were angry that he critizied galen.(they said human body changed since galens time)
59
Q

how did the dissolution of the monastries affecr hospital care?

A

As a vast majority of hospitals were connected to the church. Few were able to stay open.

60
Q

How was st bartholomews hospital able to stay open.

A

Help from the city council and charity

61
Q

Describe st bartholomews hospitak in the 1660s

A
  • 12 wards , 300 pacients
  • 3 physisians , 3 surgeons, 15 nursing sisters, lots of nursing helpers
  • nursing sisters (herbak remedies)
  • nursing helpers (heavy manual work)
62
Q

How where are the treatments provided in hospital similar to the mediaeval and Renaissance period.

A

provided food, warmth, prayer for the poor.

63
Q

Similarly to the medival peopiod, who was not allowed into renassance hospitals

A

The sick, infected

64
Q

What were hospitals that specialised in treating one specificdisease called?

A

Pest houses
Plague houses
Pox houses

65
Q

What did william harvey become in 1615?

A

A lecturer at the royal collage of physicians.

66
Q

What did william harvey become in 1618

A

A royal physician to james 1 and later charles 1

67
Q

What did harvey have a keen interest in?

A

Dissection and observing the human body.

68
Q

What did harvey teach his students

A

That it was important to observe the body and believe what they saw.

69
Q

What had galen said about blood. (3)

A

1) New blood was constantly manufactured in the liver to replace blood burned up in the body 2)the veins carry blood an air around the body
3) blood passed from one side of the heart to the others through an invisible holes in the septum

70
Q

What was Harvey’s book called

A

An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood

71
Q

What did An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood (harveys book) prove about the heart

A

Showed that the heart acts as a pump, pumping blood around the body..

72
Q

Who came first vesalius or harvey?

A

Vesalius

73
Q

If Galen were correct how much blood would your liver have to produce each day for a person to survive

A

1800 liters

74
Q

How did Harvey make his discoveries (5)

A

Dessected cold-blooded animals (lizards) as the heartbeat slow so he could see each movement
dissecting human bodies for knowledge of the heart
body was a one-way system for blood- tried to pump liquids pass valves but failed
proving that veins carry blood not blood and air
calculated amount of blood was five times the weight of a man which is too much be possible instead so that same blood is being used

75
Q

What factors enabled harveys discoveries? (Science and technology)

A

Mechanical water pumps in London may have given him the idea that heart pumps blood
used modern science methods ,reading about other sciences work ,carrying out experiments, and Carfully observing the results?

76
Q

What factors enabled harveys discoveries? (Attitudes in society)

A

Vesalius proved parts of galens work wrong which made it easier for other scientist to do the same

There was more interest in solving some of the puzzels of the human body people have begun to search for rational explanations for things

77
Q

What factors enabled harveys discoveries? (Insitutions)

A

Harvey was imployed by charles 11 as his personal physician. This gave him credibility ,more people heard of Harvey’s theory about the circulation of blood

The decline of the power of the church abled Harvey to be critical of galens teachings

78
Q

What factors enabled harveys discoveries? (Key individuals)

A

Harvey was exceptionally thorough in his work spending many hours repeating experiments and going over every detail

harvey was not satisfied to believe that Galen was correct. he tested galen ideas threw his own experiments .Harvey said “I prefer to learn and teach anatomy not from books but from dissections

Harvey had read the work of early doctors and used their work to build up his theory.
example Harveys tutor at padua Fabricius( 1533 to 1619 )proved there was valves in the veins.


79
Q

How did harveys discoveries have a significant impact.

A
  • improved anatomical knowledge
  • benefited surgery
  • undeepinned future descoveries
  • encoraged equiery
80
Q

How did harveys discoveries have a significant impact. (Benefited surgery)

A

Many aspects of medicine depended on understanding the blood system . For example surgery could not develop until after harvey’s discovery

81
Q

How did harveys discoveries have a limited impact.

A
  • 4 humors continued
  • not usefull until 1901 (as they didnt know about blood groups)
    Slow acceptance (50 years before harveys ideas were taught at the university of paris, rather than agkens)
  • reluctance to believe his work (fewer pacinets came to him as people belived he was mad)
    U derstanding incomplete (he couldnt explain everything about blood circulation , how blood moves from arteries into veins)
82
Q

When did the great plague hit london

A

1665

83
Q

What century was the great plague in

A

17th

84
Q

What was londons death toll when the great plague hit

A

100,000 (20% of cities population)

85
Q

How was the great plague ended

A

Comination of cold weather, reached its natural end, great fire of london (1666)

86
Q

What happened in both the great plague and the black death

A 
Prayer + fastinf
Lancing buboes
Astrology
Sweet smelling herbs used to purify air
Imbalence of humours
God sent disease
Miasma
Quaretine
87
Q

Ideas about what caused the great plague

A

Astrology
God
Miasma
4 humours imbalenced made you more suceptible

88
Q

Methods of prevention based on the belief in God sent the greatplague

A

Prayed + fasted
Wore charms (abracadabra charm)
Charles ll ordered days of public prayers and fasting
Public areas to confess sins and beg god to be merciful

89
Q

Methords of prevention based on the belief miasma caused the plague

A
  • Bunches of strong smelling herbs (lavender and sage )hung in doorways and windows
  • bundles of herbs undernose
  • carried pomanders (ball of sweet smelling herbs)
  • drank ‘plague water’ (mint and Rosemary with wine)
  • chewed tobacco because of its strong smell
  • plague doctors had a hooked bird masks full of sweet smelling herbs(nosegays)
90
Q

Why dont we know much about treatments towards the great plague

A
  • many were shut up with familys in quarantine
  • not many recorded attempts to keep people alive
  • no idea of cause - couldnt treat affectivly
91
Q

Examples of treatments towards the great plague

A
  • physicians advised people to be wrapped in thick wollen cloths and layed by a fire to sweat disease out.
92
Q

Methords of preventing based on quarantining victims ?

A

Public meetings ,fairsand large funerals band
and theatres are closed
anyone with the plague quarantined
examiners appointed in every parish to see who caught the plague
shut in homes and marked with a red cross.

93
Q

What was the most popular theory of the cause of the great plague

A

Miasma

94
Q

Other methods of prevention during the gp

A

Watch men stood guard to stop anyone going in or out and some vvictims were taken ro especially built pest houses

families are expected to report plague symptoms inside two hours

The mayor also oversaw the killing of 40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats as it was believe they spread the plague

miasma was dealt with by lighting barrels of tar in the streets and insured household are swept and washed streets outside the house every day.

95
Q

Why did gplague prevention not work

A

Some people ignore the rules and they’re not enough people to inforce it
six out of nine men put in charge left London

96
Q

When did Charles the second rule England

A

1660 to 1685

97
Q

How did Charles the second help medicine and not help

A

He set up the role society however he believe you have the power to Cure scrofula by touch 

98
Q

Examples of treatment based on superstition and god used on Charles the second

A

Physicians ordered him to take secred tincture every six hours
gave him the spirit of human skulls 40 drops
prescribe peruvian bark
as he became worse they prescribe Peruvian bark and half drachms, rhine whine 3 ounces.
at 8 pm he was to take 20 drops of spirit of sal ammonica and every other hour oriental bezoar stone.

99
Q

Examples of treatments based on the four humours for Charles the second

A

He opened up his right arm amd drew of 16 ounces of blood
prescribed 8 ounces of blood to be taken
opened both jugular veins and draw off about 10 ounces of blood
prescribe a mild laxative

100
Q

What supernatural ideas about cause of disease and illness continue into the renaissance

A

God) people thought the king could heal scrofula as he was given the power by God
92,000 people visits

Astrology) in October 1994 there was an unusual alignment between Saturn and Jupiter this was the date of the great plague

101
Q

What supernatural ideas about cause of disease and illness changed inthe renaissance

A

God). Most people now recognise that God did not send disease however in times of epidemics religious causes were still considered for example during the great plague people tend to fasting and prayer

Astrology) although astrology was that much less popular from 1500 in times of epidemics people still wore charms to ward of disease

overall supernatural causes were less common of an idea but used as a last resort

102
Q

What rational ideas about cause of disease and illness continue into the renaissance

A

The four humours) few challenged Galen‘s existing ideas ,still followed by general population ,most didmt let go of tradition
many said it was wrong to question Galen and they still recommended bleeding till the 1700s

Miasma) Spread by bad smells and evil fumes - this was constant as there’s people still believed in it
could be the product of rotting veg, decaying humans and swamp and dirty places
in the great plague in 1665 barrels of time was burnt to protect from my miama 

103
Q

What is the decline of the Christian church authority mean for scientific ideas

A

New scientific ideas could be explored inspired by the Greeks love for enquiery
people began asking questions qnd using new scientific methods to find answeres
attitudes have changed as new ideas encouraged for example: copernicus prove the Earth revolves around the Sun

104
Q

What is humanism

A

Humanism was characterised by love of learning and a belief that humans could make up their own minds when discovering the truth about the world around them

105
Q

Why could new ideas spread further in quicker in the renaissance period

A

More people could read and write ( printing press)

106
Q

What did the printing press allow

A

Information to be spread accurately and quickly as text no longer had to be copy by hand.
Scientist could publish and shadow across Europe for example Andreas Vesalius book on anatomy the fabric of the human body was producing the printing press.

107
Q

How did the printing press affect the church authority

A

The printing press to book copying out of the hands of the church the church was no longer able to prevent ideas they disapproved of being published for example Galem coukd now be criticised

108
Q

What led to the founding of the Royal Society

A

There was a big increase in number of experiments been carried out and scientist wanting to talk to each other about the new discoveries and share ideas

109
Q

What did the Royal Society promote

A

They promoted the sharing of scientific knowledge and encourage argument over new theories and ideas
it’s motto was ‘nukkius in verba’ bad (take nones word for it )and they emphasise scientific enquiry

110
Q

What is the royak society receive in 1662

A

Royal charter from Charles the second

111
Q

How did the Royal charter from Charles the second help the royal society

A

I gave them credibility

112
Q

What equipment did the Royal Society have

A

A labratory and equipment such as microscopes

113
Q

What year did they royal society publish its scientific journal and what was it called

A

1665 - Philosophical transactions

114
Q

Give an example of a piece of work that the society published which allowed the spread of medical ideas

A

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek recorded the first observation of bacteria in his report ‘animallcules’

Medicine (5 decks)

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