Modern Flashcards
Masectomy
Surgical removal of a breast
Hereditary disease
Disease passed from parent and child
Diagnosis
The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms
Smog
Air that is filed with soot and smoke
Anti-biotic
A substance that kills bacteria or prevents bacteria from spreading
Mass production
Producing on a large scale
MRSA
A strain of anti-biotic resistant bacteria
Compound
A mixture of two or more elements
Compound
A mixture of two or more elements
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid carries all genetic information from one living thing to another
Genome
A complete set of DNA
NHS
National health service that is paid for through taxation and is free at the point of delivery for all citizens
When did Karl Landsteiner discover blood groups
1901
When was the development of salversan 606
1909
When does fleming identify penicillin
1928
When does Florey chain successfully trail penicillin
1941
When was the NHS established
1948
When was Crick and Watson’s discovery
1953
When did dr christian Bernard complete the first successful heart transplant
1967
When did the human genome progect start
1990
When where blood tests used from?
1930s
How did blood tests improve diagnosis
Tests for conditions without needs for an invasive diagnosis methords
Examples of technology improvements for diagnosis of disease
Blood tests
Blood pressure monitors
Endoscopes
Blood sugar monitoring
X-rays
MRI scans
CT scans
Ultrasound scans
When were blood pressure monitors used from
1880s
How did blood pressure monitors improve diagnosis
Helped diagnose high and low blood pressure
What were endoscopes
Cameras on thin flexible tube to see inside the human body
What were endoscopes commonly used to investigate
Digestive symptoms
Eg. Vomiting blood
How did blood sugar monitoring improve diagnosis and from when
1960s, allowed people who were suffering from diabetes to check their blood sugars regularly to ensure they manage
How did X-rays improve diagnosis
see inside human body without cutting it,
helped diagnose problems such as broken
bones
How did MRI scans help diagnosis
used magnets + radio waves - create internal image of the body
Better suited to diagnose soft tissue injuries such as ligament damge
What are CT scans used for
diagnose tumours + other growths
When were ultra sounds created
1940s
How do ultrasound scans work
Use sound waves to build a picture of the inside a body
Can diagnose gall stones and kidney stones
By the end of the 19th century what did the government recognise that It had a great role and
Prevention of a disease within its population
What is laissez-faire attitude gone at the end of the 19th century
Yes
What three key areas did the government understand how it’s actions could have direct impact on health
Mass vaccination
legislation
lifestyle campaigns
How has the legislation improved prevention of disease
(Clean air act in 1956 + 1968)Burning of coal created lots of sites that would cover cities for example London it was very unhealthy to breathe in the government band Coal fires in urban areas + fog was no longer a problem in the uk 
The health act of 2006 banned smoking in enclosed workspaces - people no longer had to breathe and cigarette smoke
How has Mass Vaccination improved prevention of disease
Diphtheria in 1942
polio 1956
tetanus 1961
Rubella1970
German megstes 1968
some people were still insure about vaccines and don’t like government telling them what to do but it was shown to be a highly effective way to prevent disease
How has lifestyle campaigns improve prevention of disease
Instead of treating people once they became ill government begin to recognise that lifestyle campaigns that promoted healthy lifestyles save money
it helps improve peoples health
- couch to 5k, anti binge drinking - smoking and drug use
How was aspirin developed and how did It improve treatment for ill people
Willowbark - extracted active chemicals curing fever and mild pain relief
it was replicated and produced on a huge scale
Despite many advances of the late 19th century many treatment still relied on herbal remedies and cure all pills why
There was no real scientific understanding about how they worked
Who sold cure all pills
Quack doctors
How did large businesses help to develop the pharmaceutical industry
Took advantage of new drugs
investigating Research and development
Used scientific equipment to measure chemicals using new technology and to mass-produce
What was the first magic bullet
Salvarsan 606 
What was Salvarsan 606 used to treat
Syphilis in 1909
What could prontosil treat
Blood infections
How did Bernard domagk in 1932 prove that prontosil treated blood infection
He noticed that this chemical worked in mice and when his daughter developed blood poisoning he tested it on her and she survived
How does Promtosil work
Scientist of the Louis pasture Institute in Paris found that prontosil stoped the bacteria from multiplying giving the bodies own immune system the opportunity to kill the infection
Why was prontosil and salvasan 606 called magic bullets 
They targeted the specific bacteria + only destroyed them cells not the other bodily cells
What were prontosil and Salvarsan 606 Alison known as
Bacteriostatic antibiotics or sulphonamides
In 1938 British scientist developed another bacteria static antibiotic called what and who did it successfully treat for pneumonia during World War II
M&B 693
Winston Churchill
What are the limitations of the bacteriostatic antibiotics / sulphonamides
Not very effective if infection was too far advanced
Too much = fatal
Only worked on specific infection

Why was the development of penicillin important in improving treatment of infection
Use micro organisms not chemicals in Bacteriostatic antibiotics
It could be used on all the bacterial infections
It saved millions of lives
Why is fight against infection not over
How old antibiotics are becoming resisted by bacteria
What development was there in blood transfusions in 1901
Karl Landsteiner Discovered blood groups making transfusion possible if the donor was in the same place it was not possible to store blood into World War I
during World War I it was realised adding sodium citrate stop blood from clotting and later in the war they discovered how to separate and stored blood cells
How did the development and blood transfusions improve medical treatment
Made it possible for huge blood banks that supply blood to
What was the development of x-rays in 1865
wilhelm rontgen discovered x rays and within months X-ray machines were being used in hospitals
In ww1 they were being used to locate shrapnel and bullets in soldiers
What was the development and radiotherapy and chemotherapy (20th century)
Marie and Pierre curie researched use of x rays and discovered radium which can now be used to diagnose and treat cancers
When was the first kidney transplant
1954
When was the first liver transplant
1963
When was the first heart transplant and who was it completed by
Dr Christian Barnard in 1967
When was the first heart and lung transplant
1982
How has the development of x-rays improve medical treatment
X-rays became routine and used in many different ways
change care of pregnant women and babies (easier to monitor development of babies in womb)
How did development of radiotherapy and chemotherapy improve medical treatment
Beginning of modern treatment of cancer research
Complex
What development of customised drugs was there in the 20th century
New drugs Are being developed that take into account someone’s DNA and can be made especially for them
What is gene therapy and how does it help
Takes normal genes from the donor places them in the DNA of a patient
using stem cells from embryos it will be possible to reverse and illnesses
(Some ethical debate about use)
What did injuries in both world wars Lead to in terms of plastic surgery 
Rapid improvements in techniques (skin graphs)
11,000 plastic surgery’s
Many burn cases
What is a dialysis machine
Act as kidneys for people keeping him alive until transplant can be completed
What is keyhole + microsurgery
Surgeons cut into the body through holes as small as possible this is done using an endoscope which is controlled by the surgeon using miniature cameras
(Fibre opticables and computers)
What development in improved anaesthetics was that during the 1930s
Helmuth Wessex developed anaesthetics that could be injected in the blood stream
Allowed more precise and safer doses and longer operations
What do heart pace makers do 
Help keep individuals heart working correctly
What gave Fleming the experience and motivation to find a way to treat staphylococci bacteria 
Ww1 - Key motivation
Ww2- Demand for the drug to be mass produced
Fleming wanted to stop as many soldiers dying from simple infection caused by staphylococci bacteria (that chemical antiseptics didn’t heal
He was also a scientist interested in bacteriology
What did Fleming discovered in 1928
1928 - noticed something unusual about his dirty Petri dishes- one had developed mould
Mould had killed off staphylococcus bacteria
He tested the mould - identified is as penicillin (if diluted it could kill bacteria without harming cells)
Why was Fleming’s discovery 1928 Ltd
Didn’t work on deeper infections and took a long time to produce enough penicillin to use 
What did Fleming publish in 1929 and how was it limited
Wrote about penicillin in a medical journal
But nobody thought his article was important
Hadn’t used penicillin on animals to heal infection so no evidence of it being useful
When does Fleming publish his findings on penicillin
1929
When do Florey and chain revive flemings research and gain funding
1938
What did Florey and chain realise in 1938
Penicillin could be very effective + tried to get funding from the government
- war + no proof the gov had better things to spend money on
Where and how many years did Florey and chain get funding from for penicillin research
5 years of research
Money from America
When was the first test of penicillin on mice
1940
How many times of penicillin did it require to treat 1 person than a mouse
3000x
Large drug companies couldnt afford the quantity of work penicillin was so what did Florey and chain do to supply penicillin
Grew it themselves
In 100s of hospital bedpans
When was the first test of penicillin on humans
1941
Who was the first person for penicillin to be tested on and why
Albert Alexander
He developed septicaemia from a tiny cut
How well did Albert Alexander recover after the use of penicillin
Showed signs of recovery straight away
Not enough to cure him - so Florey and chain extracted penicillin from the patients urine
He showed recovery signs
Only could be done so many times - so patient died
Penicillin proved to be effective
Why could english factories not mass produce penicillin
Working on war so not enough room
Why did the American government want penicillin in 1941
America attacked Japanese at Perl harbour
They raised the idea of using penicillin for treating wounded soldiers (made interest free loans to us companies to buy expensive equipment)
When do British firms begin to mass produce penicillin by
D-day in 1944
By d-day in 1944 how much penicillin was available
Enough to treat all allied casualties
Over 2.3 mill doses
What did Dorothy Hodgkin do + when
Mapped the chemical structure of penicillin in 1945
What impact did Dorothy Hodgkins work have
Scientists- worked on synthetic versions modified to treat specific disease
Doctors now offered treatment that worked against a wide range of illnesses
Confidence in medical treatment rose
Patience were more willing to seek medical treatment from doctors
What was access to health care like before 1948 for all
1919 - ministry of health set up the first gov. Department to have an overview of health throughout the country
1919 - the nursing act set up general nursing council to enforce nursing standards
What was access to health care like before 1948 for children
1907- Nurses carrying out medical checks on children in school
1912- clinics gave children free medical treatment
What was access to health care like before 1948 for babies and mothers
1902 - training for midwives made compulsory
1907 - all births reported to the officer of health. Health cheats fro babies
What was access to health care like before 1948 for workers
1911 - national insurance act provided help for workers who were ill. Required workers, employers and the government to pay into a sickness fund. When Ill, a worker could claim 10 shillings a week for up to 26 weeks and free medical care.
It didn’t include care for the elderly, women or children or unemployed
How did the boer war in 1899 make the government think about improving health care
1/3 of the volunteers for the army were rejected because they were in such poor health
What were the problems before the NHS
Some could not afford health care
Not all live near a hospital
How did the NHS solve problems
Everyone will pay for healthcare and everyone will benefit from free healthcare
Provides home nursing + services + advice of own doctor
Why was the national health service introduced? (Democracy)
1918- all men and women over 30 could vote
(1928 reduced voting age to 21)
New voters expected the gov. To make changes to benefit them
Eg. Health care
Why was the national health service introduced? (War)
Ww2 - gave people a sense of togetherness
Eg. Blitz, rationing
People felt everyone should have equal access to health care
Some health care already given free during the war
middlee class families shocked at health of evacuees
How did the national health service come about + how did people feel about it?
(Beveridge report 1942)
Recommend NHS - free to all - to be payed for with taxes.
Medical staff would be payed by the gov.
National income payments should cover benefits
((Sick, old age + unemployment)
How did the national health service come about + how did people feel about it? (Enthusiasm)
Queue to buy copies of the report
600,000 sold
How did the national health service come about + how did people feel about it?
(Opposition)
Doctors feared loss of earning
Minister of health assured them they could work privately + for the NHS
What made the NHS so revolutionary?
Range of treatments - dentists, blood transfusions, ambulances, specialists
Life expectancy - improved especially concerning women in childbirth
Hospitals - most hospitals in London + SE at start of NHS. Had to introduce some in the centre
Specialist staff - funding to train more specialists staff. Eg, nurses for cancer patients, paediatricians.
Prevention - care quality commission checks + enforces standards to prevent illness developing in hospitals. Eg. MRSA
Family doctors - every person in the country was provided with their own family doctor know as general practitioner
At the start of the NHS why did the quality of care go down
Too many went to hospital -> appointment times became shorter
What are the two types of lung cancer + what % get that type
Primary (non small cell) - 90%
Small cell - 15%
What is lung cancer
Abnormal cells divide to form more creates a mass in the lung
Causes of lung cancer
Smoking tobacco (inc, risk)
Older
Hazardous substance (asbestos)
Preventative techniques of lung cancer
Don’t smoke
Treatments of lung cancer
Chemoradiation
Immunotherapy drugs
Surgery (part of or all lung removed)
Radio frequency (heat)
Radiation (high energy rays to destroy cancer cells)
Chemotherapy
Photodynamic therapy (uses light)
Tumour ablation
Why is lung cancer particularly difficult to detect?
- patients often mistake symptoms for other diseases
- no national screening programme : not routinely tested as tests arnt accurate enough and don’t outweigh the negative effects of screening (eg, exposure to radiation)
Why was lung cancer originally hard to diagnose
Lung abscesses and other things might be mistaken for cancer
Used an x-ray machine (not accurate enough) as there was less advanced technology
How has technology helped improve lung cancer diagnosis
Can use a CT scan which is a more detailed picture inside the body
Other technology like pet - CT scan and bronchoscopes can be used to collect samples of cells and help doctors identify cancerous cells
How is a PET-CT scan different to a CT scan
Small amounts of radioactive material is injected into the body instead of dye
How does a transplant help treat lung cancer
Replaces cancerous lung from a healthy donor
What ethical problems arise from lung transplants
If patient develops lung cancer after smoking for a long time is it fair to give new lungs to somebody if they chose to ruin there own
When would surgery be used to treat lung cancer
If diagnosed early
How does surgery treat lung cancer
Operation to remove tumour + infected portion of the lung
Remove small piece or entire lung
How does radiotherapy treat lung cancer
Concentrated waves of radiation aimed at tumour to shrink it
What size of tumour can be treated with surgery
Small tumours can be treated this way or large can be prevented growing
How does chemotherapy treat lung cancer
Injected with many differnt drugs
Shrink tumour before surgery
Prevent cancer from reoccurring
Provide relief from symptoms
How would genetic reaserch help treat lung cancer
Scientists have been studying genes of lung cancer patients to help doctors to prescribe treatments
Eg, Some chemotherapy drugs work better in tumours that have certain genetic mutations
(Known as pharmacogenomcis)
By 1985 smoking related deaths was costing the nhs how much a year and what was the tobacco industry supplying for the gov.
Costing NHS £165 million a year
Tobacco industry providing £4 billion in tax and employing thousands of people
What actions were taken to change behaviour of smoking
2007 - smoking banned in all workplaces. People no longer allowed to smoke in pubs, restaurants and offices
2017- legal age for buying cigarettes was raised to form 16 to 18
2015- smoking banned in all cars carrying children
Taxation has been increased on tobacco products
How would smoking ban in all workplaces help reduce lung cancer
Second hand smoke had a lesser effect on people
Reduce lung cancer
How would raising the legal age of cigarettes help reduce lung cancer
Stops people form a young age from smoking and consequently reduces lung cancer
How would smoking banned in all cars carrying children help reduce lung cancer
second hand smoke will have less effect on children as they will have less exposure to smoke
How will tax increase on tobacco products help reduce lung cancer
Defer people by making them more expensive
What actions where taken to influence behaviour of smoking
1965 - cigarettes advertising on tv banned
2005 - all cigarettes advertising banned
Gov campaigns advertising the danger of smoking have highlighted the impact it has on pregnant woman, the chemicals found in cigarettes
2012 - all cigarets have been removed from display
Why would banning all cigarettes advertisement reduce lung cancer
Less ads
Less purchase
Less use
Less lung cancer
How would the government campaigning ads for the dangers of smoking reduce lung cancer
Gives a deterrent for smoking if they know the dangers
How would removing cigarettes from display reduce lung cancer
Harder to purchase + present less advertising
And therefore less smoking
