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Medicine > Medieval > Flashcards

Medieval Flashcards

1
Q

Late mediaeval period

A

1250-1500
13th, 14th, 15th

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2
Q

Physicians 

A

University educated doctors who would treat the wealthy

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3
Q

Four humours theory

A

The theory that the body would be in good health if the humours (blood ,phlegm ,yellow and black bile ) were balance

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4
Q

Hippocrates

A

Ancient Greek Doctor Who developed clinical observations and the four humours theory

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5
Q

Galen

A

Ancient Greek Doctor Who developed the opposite theory and wrote books on anatomy and physiology

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6
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the human body

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7
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how the human body works

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8
Q

Opposites theory 

A

The theory that symptoms of illnesses could be cured using opposite. this was based of the four humours theory

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9
Q

Miasma

A

Bad air that was believed to meet you Ill

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10
Q

Remedies

A

Herbal remedies were treatments made from plants

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11
Q

Astrology

A

The study of the movement of the planets and stars

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12
Q

Barber surgeon

A

Worked with sharp knives to cut hairs they use the same tools to carry out small surgeries like bloodletting

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13
Q

What happened in fifth century BC

A

Ancient Greek doctors Hippocrates wrote about the four humours theory

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14
Q

What happened in second century A.D.

A

Ancient Greek doctor Galen worked in ancient Rome

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15
Q

What happened in 12th century

A

Use of astrology and medicine is brought to Europe from the Middle East

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16
Q

When does the medival medicine cource begin

A

1250

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17
Q

When was there fewer than 100 physicians in England

A

1300

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18
Q

What happened to 1348

A

The black death the plague which killed 40% of England

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19
Q

When did King Edward the third order the mayor of London to clear fifth from the street as it was infecting the air

A

1349

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20
Q

What happened in 1403

A

Royal surgeon John Bradmore moved in Arrowhead using metal forceps

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21
Q

 when is the end of the mediaeval medicine course

A

1500

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22
Q

What experience or education did women have

A
  • New comment herbal remedies by heart
  • No formal medical training or knowledge passed down from older women
  • local wise women have an expensive knowledge and may sell herbal remedies
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23
Q

Who did women care for

A

Rich and poor
Midwives

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24
Q

What care did women provide?

A

Identifying ingredients
Mix recipes for treatments
Know prayers and incantations that needed to be said
application of the remedies
highly educated women would mix herb remedies using herbals

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25
Q

What care did apothecaries provide?

A

Prepared and sold remedies
gave advice on how to use them
mixed ingredients to make ointments and medicines for physicians to use
used herbal animal fats and minerals and
one of the most common remedies was Thenica

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26
Q

What was one of the most commen hebal remedies?

A

Thenica

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27
Q

Who did apothecaries care for?

A

Anyone who could afford them
Mostly people loving in towns

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28
Q

What experience or education did apothecaries have

A

Studyed herbals brought from quakes
Trained through aprenticeships and gained knowledge through experience.

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29
Q

Who cared for the sick?

A

Women
apothecaries
barber surgeons
physicians
hospitals
master surgeons

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30
Q

What experience or education did barber surgeons have?

A

Trained as apprentices through observing and practicing skills

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31
Q

What care did barber surgeons provide?

A

Basic surgeries as they lack knowledge of the body
Bloodletting
Cutting veins
removed foreign bodies
Pulled teeth
hot irons for cauterisation

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32
Q

Who did barber surgeons care for

A

People who needed them and could afford their services
assisted physicians to treat wealthy

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33
Q

Who did physicians care for

A

The wealthiest


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34
Q

What care did physicians provide

A

Advice on staying healthy (regular washing + exercise)
Used almanac to help others which included the rain man, zodiac man and urine chart
Diagnosis made from four humours astrology and miasma


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35
Q

What experience or education did physisiams have

A

Studied Hippocrates and Galen and Arab writers such as Iban sina
taught astrology
taught all ancient ideas
they were trained in university for seven years
no women, church controlled education

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36
Q

What experience or education did master surgeons have

A

Reading
apprentices
didn’t have to train at uni
examples by a guild of surgeons known by reputation

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37
Q

Who did master surgeons care for

A

A small percentage
wealthiest members

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38
Q

What care did master surgeons provide

A

Bloodletting ,enemas, mainly simple procedures

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39
Q

What experience or education did hospitals have

A

Nuns and monks study religious texts And herbals
Experience of growing herbs and making herbal remedies

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40
Q

What care did hospitals provide

A

Provided cleanliness herbal remedies food warmth and prayers

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41
Q

Who were hospital set up by and why

A

Set up by monasteries and wealthy to please God

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42
Q

Who ran hospitals

A

None is provided physical care and the monks provided spiritual care

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43
Q

How many hospitals were there and how many beds each

A

1500to 1000 hospitals with 5 - 6beds in each

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44
Q

Who did hospitals care for

A

Church set up hospitals for the old and helpless

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45
Q

What was the bubonic plague spread by

A

Fleas 

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46
Q

What were the symptoms of the bubonic plague

A

Cold
tired
painful swellings
blisters all over the body
high fever
headaches

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47
Q

Causes of the plague (belived)

A

Astrology
Miasma
imbalance of humans makes you more susceptible
sins (God’s punishment)

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48
Q

What were the two methods of prevention towards the black death

A

God and miasma

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49
Q

How was God a method of prevention towards the black death

A

Prayed for forgiveness
lit candles and fasted
punish themselves
activities insulting God ended
pilgrimage

50
Q

How was miasma prevented during the black death

A

Lit fires
sweet smelling herbs
Rakers cleaning animal dung
litter fine increased
clean streets

51
Q

What was the Kings response to the black death

A

Edward the third close parliament when the plague hit London to avoid people travelling to an area and ordered the mayor of London to clean the streets

52
Q

What was the governments response to the black death

A

They clearly understood that you should stay away from plague victims as local authorities introduced new quarantine laws

53
Q

What quarantine laws did the government and local authorities introduced as a response to the black death

A

People new to an area needed to stay away from everyone else for 40 days to ensure they won’t catch the disease

54
Q

What evidence is there that the government + king didn’t understand the cause of the black death so they were not always helpful in their response

A

Edward the third also ordered services to be sat in church every day encouraging more people together and some local authorities ordered rakers to stop cleaning the street so the smell of the rubbish and rotting bodies with cancer than my asthma

55
Q

Who had the biggest role in response to the plague and why

A

The most widely believed cause of the black death was God therefore the church had the biggest role

56
Q

Why was the Black Death focused on prevention and not treatment

A

Because when people catch it you should stay away and few survived long enough to be treated

57
Q

What was the examples of treatment to treat the black death

A

Examples of treatment used buboes to drain puss
treatments based on four humours

58
Q

What percent of England was killed by the black death

A

40%

59
Q

What was the pneumonic plague spread by

A

Breathing or coughing on another person

60
Q

What was symptoms of the pneumonic plague

A

Breathing problems
cough up blood

61
Q

What were the attitudes in society in mediaeval medicine

A

Church controlled education
respected traditions and encourage not to challenge ideas

62
Q

What was the science And technology in mediaeval medicine

A

Little scientific development
slow communication books written by hand

63
Q

Institutions in mediaeval medicine

A

Monarch Ruled very powerful
Christine Church dominated very powerful

64
Q

What was surgery like in mediaeval England

A

Basic as they did not have enough anatomical knowledge or effective methods to deal with pain infection or blood loss

65
Q

What basic surgical procedures were in mediaeval medicine

A

Removal of Small surface tumours or foreign bodies
bleeding
splinting broken bones

66
Q

There was no affective anaesthetic so what did they use

A

Wines or herbs such as hemlock Or opium to make patient drowsy
however too much could kill a patient

67
Q

What allowed surgery a mediaeval medicine to improve

A

Warfare as it led to small improvements in techniques as They had opportunity to practice

68
Q

What did John Broadmoor develop

A

Metal forceps and cauterisation was used to stop bleeding by burning the wound shut

69
Q

What are the development in surgery was there

A

Cataract surgery where the film of the eye could be removed using a sharp nife

70
Q

What did they used to clean wounds in mediaeval medicine

A

Wine vinegar and honey but antibacterial effectivity was limited

71
Q

Causes of disease in mediaeval England

A

Sent from God to the test of faith or for your sins
imbalance of humour is caused illness
bad and makes you ill (miasma)

72
Q

How was God used to treat disease

A

Sins committed people go on pilgrimages to seeks God forgiveness hope of the Saint saving them
light candles to show how sorry they were for their sins

73
Q

How was four humans used to treat disease

A

Enemas (squirting fluid into anus) relieve constipation
If you had an unbalanced humour they could treat it by balancing it for example too much blood they would be blood by cutting a vein or leeches or using a bronze cup and heating it would help draw out blood

74
Q

How would they use God to prevent disease

A

Prayers
some wealthy would please God by improving towns

75
Q

How would they use the four humours to prevent disease

A

Balance lifestyle avoiding over eating and exercising


76
Q

How would they use miasma to prevent disease

A

Lit fires to purify air
advised to take regular washes
fines for throwing litter onto the streets and people hired to clean the streets
wealthy walked around with pouches filled with herbs and attempted to keep the houses smelling nice local government pass laws to make Street cleaner however they still remain dirty as there wasn’t enough money.

77
Q

What was the importance of the church (7)

A

Books
the Bible
local support for needy
education
teaching
wide reaching influence
Conservative attitudes

78
Q

What was the importance of the church (education)

A

Church controlled all education

79
Q

What was the importance of the church (teachings)

A

Most had no formal education and illiterate received all ideas through Church attended regular church and followed the teachings

80
Q

What was the importance of the church (hell)

A

Anyone challenged Bible told they would go to hell
in this period how was believed to be a real place of eternal pain and suffering
this fear of hell made sure no one challenged the church

81
Q

 What was the importance of the church (books)

A

The church had all the books and libraries
the monks wrote all the books

82
Q

What was the importance of the church (the bible)

A

Bible taught as truth and God controlled all life
tells stories of God controlling whether and could send famines or diseases such as leprosy as punishment

83
Q

What was the importance of the church (local support for needy)

A

A Church or monastery was at the centre of a local community they supported the poor and care for the sick and elderly
monasteries like Bolton Priory and hospitals run by nuns and monks provided basic medical care

84
Q

What was the importance of the church (constevative attitudes)

A

Church would only let new ideas and they believed in meaning ideas wouldn’t change

85
Q

What was the importance of the church (wide reaching influence)

A

The church network from Pope to local priest east district had a bishop and each church and a priest

86
Q

How could people use herbal remedies

A

Drunk
smelt
bathed in
applied to the skin

87
Q

What were most common Herbal remedies made from

A

Herbs minerals animal parts

88
Q

What were the most common treatments

A

Herbal remedies which have been passed down through generations

89
Q

What’s And example of an ineffective herbal remedy

A

Boiling a fox and then bathing in the same water to sure paralysis as a patient to take on the quick and nimble properties of a fox

90
Q

Which herbal remedies were successful

A

Some remedies including ingredients which were proven to kill bacteria for example honey plantain onion and garlic which we use successfully to fight cuts and wounds.

91
Q

Who knew herbal remedies and where were they recorded

A

Women new many by heart and commonly recorded in books called herbals

92
Q

What were in herbals

A

Images and precise instructions regarding amounts of ingredients and method of preparation and also many included an element of superstition with prayers and spells to be said to improve effectiveness

93
Q

Why did ancient ideas continue (5)

A

New ideas were not encouraged
there is a lack of science and technology
key individuals
ancient ideas are supported by the church
medicine was not a priority for the king

94
Q

Why did ancient ideas continue ((new ideas not encoraged))

A

Church said or Galens ideas were correct
doctors are not encouraged to think themselves or challenge his ideas
learnt to follow galens and ideas and teachings
church controlled education how doctors were trained at universities key part of studies to learn Galens as work

95
Q

How was medicine not a priority for the King

A

Main concerns of mediaeval king was to defend position and country of attack keep peace and order in England
No interest in using countries money for medical research or care no money was invested into medical ideas - ancient ideas continued

96
Q

Why were disections largley band in medival medicine

A

As Church taught the body needed to be buried hole for the souls into heaven

97
Q

 Why did ancient ideas continue ( there was a lack of science and technology)

A

Lack of scientific evidence to support any of the theory and cause of disease
Disections largly banned
occasionally criminals dissection at universities only purpose to better understand Galens work not to look fore themselves if any contradictions found explained away as body belong to criminal and thefore imperfect

98
Q

Why did ancient ideas continue (key individulas)

A

Galen and Hippocrates ideas fit the doctors observations and ideas still used
Galen and Hippocrates were so important that to be a good doctor they should read hundreds of their books rather than the ones who successfully treated many patients
Galen and Hippocrates ideas written down and were very detailed and seem to make sense peoples symptoms when sick supported for humans theory

99
Q

Why did ancient ideas continue (ancient ideas were supported by the church)

A

Not to challenge bible of Church or you could go to hell
Christian Church was rich and powerful in the Middle Ages
Church supported Galen‘s work as he said that God created the human body and soul which supported the Bible
Church supported Galen meant that no one challenged if they did they would be ignored or imprisoned

100
Q

Why were ideas of misama supported by the church

A

They said that clean and sweet smelling home was a sign of spiritual cleanliness homes that smelt bad suggested sinfulness
as the church supported ancient ideas continued

101
Q

What centuries does mediaeval medicine cover

A

13th 14th and 15th century

102
Q

What were the four Ancient medical ideas

A

The four humours
the opposite theory
miasma theory
urine

103
Q

What was the opposite Thory

A

Galen believe too much of a certain human could be treated with the opposite
galen studied Hippocrates work then developed his ideas and four humours and oposites theory

104
Q

How would urine help them determine cause of illness

A

Incorprated the four humours theory
doctors would check smell ,colour, thickness and taste
the urine chat would help them determine cause of illness for example too much phlegm shown through white urine

105
Q

Why was miasma theory Rational

A

Not true but it did let doctors + Kings Look for practical solutions to remove bad smells some methods to improve health and hygiene and by the 14th century teams of rakers employed to clear animal dung from the streets

106
Q

What was miasma

A

Bad air which made someone ill

107
Q

who wrote about miasma

A

Galen ans hippocrates

108
Q

Miasma evidence in roman period

A

Romans invested a lot of money in cleaning up the streets with public health systems they noticed that an air is a bad smells people felt ill
swamps courpses and rotting matter could cause disease

109
Q

What affected the four humours

A

Age
circumstances
family
personality trait
lifestyle

110
Q

How was the four humours affected by seasons

A

The patients star sign will play a key part in diagnosis this was first used in ancient Greece

111
Q

Who created the four humours theory

A

Hippocrates believed elements made of the human body is for humans Caitlyn wrote about his ideas and develop them further

112
Q

How was the four humours theory rational

A

A logical idea based on the natural world even if it is wrong doctors are looking at the body for answers and not God lead to progress in diagnosis and treatment

113
Q

What was the four humours theory

A

Blood yellow bile black bile and phlegm humans must be balanced in order to be healthy and doctors would look for certain characteristics to see which was out of balance

114
Q

What were the three supernatural ideas on cause of disease in mediaeval times

A

Devil sent / godsend disease
astrology

115
Q

Why would the devil send disease

A

As a test of faith and through witches and Demons which were their servants on Earth

116
Q

Why would God send disease

A

Punishment for sins
as a test of faith
bible supported teaching so they wouldn’t be questioned
to cleanse soul of sin or evil spirit/Demons

117
Q

What was astrology

A

The believe that the movement of the planets and stars have an affect on Earth and people

118
Q

Where was astrology developed and then brought to Europe

A

Developed in the Middle East and brought to Europe in the 12th century

119
Q

What would mediaeval doctors use to work out how astrology linked to personal illness

A

Almanac

120
Q

What did the church think of the theory that astrology was a cause of disease

A

At first did not approve as it wasn’t based on the Bible but after the black death they were more accepting of it as a cause of disease and illness

Medicine (5 decks)

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