Wundt and German Pscyh (Chap 4)

Question 1

What made Germany an educational hub

Answer 1

• many universities ( within the 38 mini-states)
• Wissenschaft-science
• physiological research (physiological research was applied to psych +’experimental ‘)
  was on the up

Question 2

Wissenschaft-science

Answer 2

educational philosophy of the 19th century

research programs were emphasized

Question 3

What is psychophysics in these terms?

Answer 3

• the study of the relationship b/n the perception of a stimulus event (psycho) and the physical dimensions of the stimulus being perceived(physics)

Question 4

What is apperception

Answer 4

Giving idea full attention in your consciousness

–> focusing in on the idea

Question 5

What was two-point threshold

E.Weber //1795-1878

Answer 5

• threshold: when subject perceives two points being touched on the skin and not one.
  –> sensitive areas have a lower threshold
  (use drawing compass-like evise and touched two points on the skin)

Question 6

What is apperceptive mass

J.Herbart // 1776-1841

Answer 6

• uses apperception concept
• if ideas or thoughts are below the htreshold they may still be part of the conent of mental activity
  ie. if idea X > Y, X will inhibit Y and ideas related to X make up the apperceptive mass

Question 7

What is Muscle sense// kinesthesis?

Answer 7

subjects can discriminate b/n the weight of two objects beter when they pick up the objects compared to when placed in their hand

Question 8

nachtansicht/night view

Answer 8

materialism

Question 9

Tagesansicht/day view

Answer 9

ideaslism view movement– univwesal and individuals consciousnesses combine after death

Question 10

What were Fechner’s elements of psychophysics

Answer 10

• method of limits:present a stimulus above or below threshold in ascending or descending intensity until it can be detected or no longer detected
• -Method of Constant Stimuli: stimuli presnted at random intensities and subject indicates if detected
• Method of Adjustment: subject varies the intensity until at threshold

Question 11

Describe introspection

Answer 11

• self-observation: philosophical reflection - - > relies on memories - internal perception: immediate responses to specific stimuli - - > more immediate responses, easier to observe, minimal memory decay, requires replication to strengthen the validity of findings

Question 12

Describe Wendy’s immediate Conscious Experiences

Answer 12

-immediate vs mediate experience - I - - > feel the cold on your skin and requires introspection - M - < read temp on thermo and requires observation - experiments used apparatus to systematically present stimuli and subjects gave basic introspective responses ( very controlled procedures) - focused on basic sensory, perceptual, attention all experiences.

Question 13

Describe Mental Chronometry

Answer 13

• reaction time: apply idea of measuring nerve impulses to mental events - - > simple reaction time (SRT) vs. Discrimination reaction time (DRT) // time it takes to make a discrimination plus rt vs. Choice reaction time ( CRT) // time it takes to discriminate b/n stimuli, make choice plus rt - the procedure was developed by F. C. Dinners (Dutchmen) // Subtractive method ( assumes timing of mental events are additive) - - > Take simple mental tasks and complicate them by adding mental tasks requiring discrimination or choices

Question 14

Describe complication experiment

Answer 14

• a 19th century reaction time experiment, typically using the Dodgers subtractive method, in which reaction times for simple tasks were substrates for simple tasks were subtracted from reaction times for more’ complicated tasks’

Question 15

What is voluntarism in terms of Wundt and structuralism ?

Answer 15

• key for apperception - - make info personally relevant and organize into meaningful wholes

Question 16

What is Saving Methods Ebbinghouse

Answer 16

• measure of recall - memorize Co’s, attempt to re-learn after set periods of time - original learning time - - relearning time === savings ie. 20 mins-5 mins = 25 minds saving ( %75)

Question 17

What is memory drum // Muller

Answer 17

• automatically presented stimuli. Used until replaced by computers

Question 18

What is retroactive inhibition // Pilzcker ( Miller’s student)

Answer 18

Learning a second list after a first list interferes with recall of the first list

Question 19

Describe systematic experimental introspection

Answer 19

• like self-observation, more elaborate form of introspection - form of introspection that was more detailed then Wundt’s and allowed for observation of processes

Question 20

What is fractionation // Kulpe

Answer 20

• separate task into its components for introspection

Question 21

What is mental sets? // Kulpe

Answer 21

• instructions provided to subjects primers them to complete the task, no more thought was required

Question 22

What are imagesless thoughts? // Kulpe

Answer 22

• image was thoughts to be a mental activity that was essential component of thoughts ( titchener) - judgements occurred w/out images being reported - other events occurred ie. Hesitation, doubt, vacillation - - Conscious attitudes - raised questions about the use of introspection