WRITTEN FINAL Flashcards

Question

Ketoacidosis (complication of diabetes mellitus)

Answer 1

-ccomplication of Type I IDDM & gestational diabetes which often occurs before diagnosis of diabetes has been made -has gradual onset & prolonged recovery -occurs when sodium, potassium & ketones lost in urine -begins with state of hyperglycemia which builds over period of hours/ day; when body’s requirement for insulin is high -blood sugar levels increase -dehydration & electrolyte imbalance follow, fats broken down to liberate glucose & ketones produced in process -ketones form in blood rapidly resulting in potentially serious condition of ketoacidosis -symptoms: warm, dry skin, tachycardia, hypotension, fruity smell of ketones on breath, depression of CNS, lethargy, vomiting, abdominal pain, stupor & coma

Answer 2

-insulin reaction that occurs in insulin-dependent diabetes or may be early sign of diabetes -can cause CNS problems such as HA, numbness of lips & tongue, blurred vision, slurred speech, confusion, euphoria, difficulty problem solving & impaired motor function -initially, hypotension & feelings of hunger leading to emotional changes, nervousness & irritability, tachycardia, shaking, sweating & constriction of peripheral vasculature causing cool, clammy skin

Answer 3

state of wellness associated with many interrelated changes that occur throughout woman’s body as fetus develops

Answer 4

-nausea & vomiting; morning sickness, decrease by 10 weeks -frequent urination, often as every 2 hours -constipation -blood pressure often falls -breast changes begin -musculoskeletal changes result under influence of estrogen, progesterone & relaxin -taste & smell altered -mood swings -extreme fatigue increases feelings of irritability or depression

Answer 5

-months 4-6; "quiet months" -RISK of miscarriage is greatly reduced when pregnancy reaches this stage -women begin to feel fetal movement around 18-21 weeks -will receive test results indicating potential problems with fetus -at end of second trimester, by 23 weeks, fetus can survive premature birth

Answer 6

-edema (in legs) -hypertension/ hypotension -shortness of breath -backache -abdominal pain -diastasis symphysis pubis (separates)\ -varicose veins -hemorrhoids (vericose veins around rectum) -changes in skin -stretch marks

Answer 7

-first/ multiple pregnancy -chronic/ long-term hypertension -chronic renal disease -malnutrition -diabetes -history of PIH in family or in previous pregnancy -younger than 20yrs & older than 30 -developing hydramnios; excess of amniotic fluid

Answer 8

abdominal pain: mm can experience extreme stretching as pregnancy advances & then separate

Answer 9

-many of second trimester symptoms continue into third -physical discomforts increase as pregnancy advances -in eighth month, baby has almost reached birth weight but has not yet positioned itself down into pelvis -in ninth month, woman may feel less physical discomfort & more energy as baby’s head drops into pelvis in preparation for birth

Answer 10

-gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy, increased amounts of insulin -Ketoacidosis; danger secondary to diabetes, due to increased stress, more likely when woman does not eat for long periods, body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones -edema in legs & hands, especially fingers & face -compression syndromes such as TOS & CTS -backache may increase -SI sprain can cause intense pain over sacrum -leg cramps, especially in calf

Answer 11

-physical changes in woman’s body linger after birthing -post-surgical recovery may arise from episiotomy or C-section -episiotomy involve incision in perineum before birth in order to prevent tearing -if cesarean performed, woman will be recovering from major abdominal surgery & full recovery takes 4-6 weeks with no complications -breasts sore with cracking around nipples

Answer 12

in mild form: woman may experience extreme joy but also sadness, fear, anger or anxiety

Answer 13

-postpartum blues, last more than 2 weeks or strong feelings of depression -increasingly intense feelings of anger, hopelessness & sadness that interfere with mother’s ADL’s -inability to sleep, even when tired -extreme changes in appetite -worrying about baby excessively, or taking little interest in baby -panic attacks -fears of harming baby or herself

Answer 14

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer 15

-fragile virus that does not survive outside body -not transmitted through casual contact, nor is it airborne -virus cannot pass through skin that has no cuts or abrasions

Answer 16

-initial HIV infection often symptomless -may experience flu-like symptoms when antibodies to virus are being created -may be asymptomatic for long time -during asymptomatic period, T-helper cells attacked by virus but after certain point, immune system is overwhelmed & no longer able to control virus -over time, more serious infections & cancers develop -AIDS dementia may occur -peripheral neuropathies may result from HIV itself or from medication -rheumatic manifestation of severe joint & mm pain may be present -periods of relatively good health between bouts of serious illness

Answer 17

general term used for abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells

Answer 18

BENIGN = encapsulated MALIGNANT = NOT encapsulated

Answer 19

movement of cancer cells to other areas of the body occurs by way of circulatory system or lymphatic system

Answer 20

-“oma”: used to designate a tumour & is added to name of tissue type from which tumour originated -carcinoma: term used for malignant tumour that originates in epithelial tissue -sarcoma: used for tumour that develops in CT such as cartilage, bone, mm & fat

Answer 21

-cigarette smoke -radiation from UV rays of sunlight -certain drugs & hormones such as immunosuppressors & estrogen -industrial agents or toxic substances; asbestos, chromium, coal tar, benzene, cadmium, radon, uranium & nickel -excesses or deficiencies in diet, particularly low fibre & high fat

Answer 22

removal of entire breast & lymph nodes of the axilla

Answer 23

-cause unknown -diet appears to play a role; too much fat, especially saturated fats -preventative factors are an adequate intake of fibre, fruits & vegetables as well as vitamin C & E

Answer 24

carcinogens: asbestos, chromium, benzene, cadmium, nickel, radon & coal tar products, cigarette smoking

Answer 25

-cause is unknown, though diet is thought to play a role. -fats in particular animal fats may contribute to an increased risk

Answer 26

-occasionally no symptoms in prostate & cancer only detected after it has metastasized to another area -incomplete emptying of bladder can lead to bladder infections & pain/ burning with urination -men may have difficulty starting urination & may notice a weak stream -may be increased frequency in urination or leakage -impotence may be a side effect of all tx for prostate cancer

Answer 27

-in men over 70, with slow growth type of prostate cancer, physician will regularly observe progress of disease -surgery may be used to remove prostate completely or may be partially removed to relieve symptoms -radiation frequently used to destroy cancer cells -hormone tx used if cancer has metastasized or is very advanced locally