WRITTEN FINAL Flashcards
inflammatory arthritides
group of inflammatory diseases affecting CT including joints
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that involves specific areas of the body, primarily the spine
= “bamboo spine”
where does ankylosing spondylitis begin
disease begins with symptoms at SI joints & over many years, proceeds gradually up the spine
-fused into flexion
gout
group of disorders in which crystals of monosodium urate are deposited in tissues, accompanied by attacks of acute arthritis
= “tophi” (chronic)
causes of gout
-can be inherited
-attacks can be from excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, certain foods & meds, trauma, surgery, “crash” diets
infectious arthritis
joint inflammation resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses or fungi
-usually involves 1 joint
HYDRO - arthritis
during flare-up = COLD
between flare-up = HEAT
lyme disease
complex rheumatic disease that affects many systems of the body
-transmitted by ticks
-ring shaped rash
= curable
reiter’s syndrome
triad of arthritis:
-non-gonococcal urethritis (infection of urethra)
-conjunctivitis (pink eye)
-following inflammation of intestine or urinary tract
rheumatoid arthritis
inflammatory, destructive, chronic autoimmune disease of multiple joints & CT throughout the body
rheumatoid arthritis - joint deformities
-swan neck: due to intrinsic hand mm contracture (PIP joint hyperextended, DIP joint flexed)
-boutonniere (buttonhole): from ruptures of central slip of extensor tendons (PIP joint flexed, DIP joint hyperextended)
scleroderma
systemic disorder affecting collagen, characterized by slowly spreading fibrosis & collagen deposits throughout the body
-localized
-generalized
localized scleroderma
-affects skin, fascia, mm & sometimes bone
-strikes children & young adults, mostly females
-fibrotic lesions, composed of abnormal fibroblasts form hard oval patches on skin’s surface or extend from skin deep into mm & bones of limbs & forehead
generalized scleroderma
-affects multiple systems of body: skin, capillaries, GI tract, lungs, heart & kidneys
divided into 2 categories: limited & diffuse
-limited: onset over 5-10 yrs
-diffuse: onset sudden, skin affected first
Still’s disease & juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
common conditions of chronic synovial inflammation in children
-cause unknown
systemic lupus erythematosus
one type of chronic, attack-remitting autoimmune inflammatory disease that can affect any system or organ in a variable manner
SLE = most common form of lupus
causes of osteoporosis
-gender: women twice as often as men
-post-menopause
-prolonged sex hormone deficiencies
-ovaries removed before age 45
-family history of osteoporosis
-Caucasian/ Eurasian ancestry
-thin, small bones
-primary hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, RA, liver or kidney disease, diabetes mellitus
-excessive use of meds
-calcium deficiency
-limited exposure to sunlight/ inadequate vitamin D intake
-caffeine consumption, more than 3 cups/day
-alcohol consumption, 2 drinks or more/day
-limited exercise/ weight bearing
-cigarette smoking
diabetes mellitus
chronic condition that results in problems with carbohydrate, protein & fat metabolism
type 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
-IDDM or juvenile diabetes
-usually associated with dysfunction in pancreas resulting in absolute deficiency of insulin
those at risk of having type 1 diabetes mellitus
-may occur at any age, but mostly affects children or young adults
-some suggestion that cause may be viral
-usually a family history of diabetes
symptoms for IDDM (type I)
-frequent urination (polyuria)
-glucose & ketones in urine (glycosuria & ketonuria)
-excessive thirst (polydipsia)
-extreme hunger (polyphagia)
-unusual weight loss with normal/ increased eating
-extreme fatigue
-irritability
-sweet-smelling breath
-nausea or vomiting
type 2 diabetes mellitus
-NIDDM
-when pancreas produces inadequate insulin or when body is unable to utilize insulin produced
-is often linked to poor diet
those at risk for having type 2 diabetes mellitus
-adults, usually after age 45
-people who are overweight
-people with family history
-physically inactive people
-certain racial origins
-previous diagnosis of impaired glucose
symptoms for NIDDM (type II)
-any symptoms of IFFM
-frequent infections
-slow-healing cuts & bruises
-tingling or numbness in hands/ feet
-recurring skin, gum or bladder infections
-blurred vision
Ketoacidosis (complication of diabetes mellitus)
-ccomplication of Type I IDDM & gestational diabetes which often occurs before diagnosis of diabetes has been made
-has gradual onset & prolonged recovery
-occurs when sodium, potassium & ketones lost in urine
-begins with state of hyperglycemia which builds over period of hours/ day; when body’s requirement for insulin is high
-blood sugar levels increase
-dehydration & electrolyte imbalance follow, fats broken down to liberate glucose & ketones produced in process
-ketones form in blood rapidly resulting in potentially serious condition of ketoacidosis
-symptoms: warm, dry skin, tachycardia, hypotension, fruity smell of ketones on breath, depression of CNS, lethargy, vomiting, abdominal pain, stupor & coma
Hypoglycemia (complication of diabetes mellitus)
-insulin reaction that occurs in insulin-dependent diabetes or may be early sign of diabetes
-can cause CNS problems such as HA, numbness of lips & tongue, blurred vision, slurred speech, confusion, euphoria, difficulty problem solving & impaired motor function
-initially, hypotension & feelings of hunger leading to emotional changes, nervousness & irritability, tachycardia, shaking, sweating & constriction of peripheral vasculature causing cool, clammy skin
pregnancy
state of wellness associated with many interrelated changes that occur throughout woman’s body as fetus develops
pregnancy - first trimester symptoms
-nausea & vomiting; morning sickness, decrease by 10 weeks
-frequent urination, often as every 2 hours
-constipation
-blood pressure often falls
-breast changes begin
-musculoskeletal changes result under influence of estrogen, progesterone & relaxin
-taste & smell altered
-mood swings
-extreme fatigue increases feelings of irritability or depression
pregnancy - second trimester
-months 4-6; “quiet months”
-RISK of miscarriage is greatly reduced when pregnancy reaches this stage
-women begin to feel fetal movement around 18-21 weeks
-will receive test results indicating potential problems with fetus
-at end of second trimester, by 23 weeks, fetus can survive premature birth
pregnancy - second trimester symptoms
-edema (in legs)
-hypertension/ hypotension
-shortness of breath
-backache
-abdominal pain
-diastasis symphysis pubis (separates)\
-varicose veins
-hemorrhoids (vericose veins around rectum)
-changes in skin
-stretch marks
pregnancy - second trimester: pre-eclampsia symptoms
-first/ multiple pregnancy
-chronic/ long-term hypertension
-chronic renal disease
-malnutrition
-diabetes
-history of PIH in family or in previous pregnancy
-younger than 20yrs & older than 30
-developing hydramnios; excess of amniotic fluid
diastasis recti - pregnancy (second trimester)
abdominal pain: mm can experience extreme stretching as pregnancy advances & then separate
pregnancy - third trimester
-many of second trimester symptoms continue into third
-physical discomforts increase as pregnancy advances
-in eighth month, baby has almost reached birth weight but has not yet positioned itself down into pelvis
-in ninth month, woman may feel less physical discomfort & more energy as baby’s head drops into pelvis in preparation for birth
pregnancy - third trimester symptoms
-gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy, increased amounts of insulin
-Ketoacidosis; danger secondary to diabetes, due to increased stress, more likely when woman does not eat for long periods, body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones
-edema in legs & hands, especially fingers & face
-compression syndromes such as TOS & CTS
-backache may increase
-SI sprain can cause intense pain over sacrum
-leg cramps, especially in calf
pregnancy - fourth trimester (postpartum)
-physical changes in woman’s body linger after birthing
-post-surgical recovery may arise from episiotomy or C-section
-episiotomy involve incision in perineum before birth in order to prevent tearing
-if cesarean performed, woman will be recovering from major abdominal surgery & full recovery takes 4-6 weeks with no complications
-breasts sore with cracking around nipples
pregnancy - fourth trimester (postpartum): “pregnancy blues”
in mild form: woman may experience extreme joy but also sadness, fear, anger or anxiety
pregnancy - fourth trimester (postpartum): depression
-postpartum blues, last more than 2 weeks or strong feelings of depression
-increasingly intense feelings of anger, hopelessness & sadness that interfere with mother’s ADL’s
-inability to sleep, even when tired
-extreme changes in appetite
-worrying about baby excessively, or taking little interest in baby
-panic attacks
-fears of harming baby or herself
what is HIV
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
HIV - transmission
-fragile virus that does not survive outside body
-not transmitted through casual contact, nor is it airborne
-virus cannot pass through skin that has no cuts or abrasions
HIV - symptom picture
-initial HIV infection often symptomless
-may experience flu-like symptoms when antibodies to virus are being created
-may be asymptomatic for long time
-during asymptomatic period, T-helper cells attacked by virus but after certain point, immune system is overwhelmed & no longer able to control virus
-over time, more serious infections & cancers develop
-AIDS dementia may occur
-peripheral neuropathies may result from HIV itself or from medication
-rheumatic manifestation of severe joint & mm pain may be present
-periods of relatively good health between bouts of serious illness
cancer
general term used for abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells
benign vs. malignant tumors
BENIGN = encapsulated
MALIGNANT = NOT encapsulated
metastasizing (cancer)
movement of cancer cells to other areas of the body occurs by way of circulatory system or lymphatic system
naming types of cancers
-“oma”: used to designate a tumour & is added to name of tissue type from which tumour originated
-carcinoma: term used for malignant tumour that originates in epithelial tissue
-sarcoma: used for tumour that develops in CT such as cartilage, bone, mm & fat
causes of cancer (carcinogens)
-cigarette smoke
-radiation from UV rays of sunlight
-certain drugs & hormones such as immunosuppressors & estrogen
-industrial agents or toxic substances; asbestos, chromium, coal tar, benzene, cadmium, radon, uranium & nickel
-excesses or deficiencies in diet, particularly low fibre & high fat
mastectomy (breast cancer)
removal of entire breast & lymph nodes of the axilla
colorectal cancer - causes & contributing factors
-cause unknown
-diet appears to play a role; too much fat, especially saturated fats
-preventative factors are an adequate intake of fibre, fruits & vegetables as well as vitamin C & E
lung cancer - sauces & contributing factors
carcinogens: asbestos, chromium, benzene, cadmium, nickel, radon & coal tar products, cigarette smoking
prostate cancer - causes & contributing factors
-cause is unknown, though diet is thought to play a role.
-fats in particular animal fats may contribute to an increased risk
postate cancer - symptoms
-occasionally no symptoms in prostate & cancer only detected after it has metastasized to another area
-incomplete emptying of bladder can lead to bladder infections & pain/ burning with urination
-men may have difficulty starting urination & may notice a weak stream
-may be increased frequency in urination or leakage
-impotence may be a side effect of all tx for prostate cancer
prostate cancer - medical Tx
-in men over 70, with slow growth type of prostate cancer, physician will regularly observe progress of disease
-surgery may be used to remove prostate completely or may be partially removed to relieve symptoms
-radiation frequently used to destroy cancer cells
-hormone tx used if cancer has metastasized or is very advanced locally
