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SYSTEMICS > quiz #1 respiratory pathologies > Flashcards

quiz #1 respiratory pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

an acute / chronic inflammation of paranasal sinuses

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2
Q

nasal passages open into 4 sinuses…

A

-frontal
-ethmoid
-sphenoid
-maxillary

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3
Q

what are sinuses?

A

-air-filled continuations of nasal passages & are line with mucous membranes
-develop mostly after birth & continue to enlarge in adulthood

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4
Q

where do frontal sinuses drain?

A

into ducts that empty into top of nasal cavity

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5
Q

where do ethmoid sinuses drain?

A

empty into lateral portions of nasal cavity

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6
Q

where do sphenoid sinuses drain?

A

into posterior portions of nasal cavity

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7
Q

where do maxillary sinuses drain?

A

superiorly into nasal cavity

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8
Q

draining maxillary sinuses

A

-if head is upright, it is impossible for sinus to drain until it is full
-head must be HORIZONTAL to completely drain

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9
Q

sinusitis info

A

-inflammation & swelling in sinus mucosa
-sinus openings become blocked & mucopurulent discharge is produced which fills affected sinus

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10
Q

chronic sinusitis

A

occurs as result of persistent / recurrent infection
-mucosal linings thicken & may form into elongated masses = POLYPS

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11
Q

causes of sinusitis

A

-viral infection: cold virus
-bacterial infection: extraction of upper molars or abscess
-increase in pressure: airplane flight, underwater diving

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12
Q

predisposing factors of sinusitis

A

-deviation of nasal septum: obstructs sinus outlets
-dairy & wheat products: overproduction of mucus in people who have sensitivities
-upper molar abscess: may spread infection to maxillary sinus

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13
Q

medically treating sinusitis

A

treated with analgesics & decongestants
-prolonged use of meds can lead to worsening of symptoms (damage tissues & mucosa)
-chronic cases: surgery to add opening to drain sinus

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14
Q

symptom picture - ACUTE sinusitis

A

-pain, often severe
-tenderness over affected sinus
-feeling of fullness & pressure in affected sinus, difficulty breathing through nose
-can feel ill & have low-grade fever
-nasal discharge changes from clear & runny to yellow/ green & thick
-chronic = dull pain & discharge may stop due to blocked sinus

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15
Q

contraindications - sinusitis

A

-massage CI’d with fever
-local lymphatic drainage CI’d with acute infection

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16
Q

assessment - sinusitis

A

-palpation of frontal sinuses done by gently pressing superiorly at medial angle of superior orbital margin
-palpation of maxillary sinuses palpated under zygomatic arch
-tenderness & possible heat present
-lymph nodes in neck may be enlarged

17
Q

massage duration - sinusitis

A

half hour duration to avoid exhausting client

18
Q

focus of treatment - sinusitis

A

relaxation based including unforced diaphragmatic breathing

19
Q

pre-treatment hydrotherapy - sinusitis

A

5 min facial steam to loosen mucus & aid in discharge
plenty of tissues & garbage bin present

20
Q

massage positioning - sinusitis: PRONE

A

allows for draining of bilaterally affected maxillary sinuses

21
Q

massage positioning - sinusitis: SIDE LYING

A

affected sinus UPPERMOST = best position for drainage of single infected maxillary sinus

22
Q

massage positioning - sinusitis: SUPINE

A

may allow other sinuses to drain

23
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A

condition that results in production of purulent sputum for at least 3 months in a row over two consecutive years

24
Q

bronchial mucus - two sources

A

-bronchial glands
-epithelial goblet cells
line bronchial walls

25
Q

chronic bronchitis - disease process

A

-airways become inflamed from ongoing irritation -> edema & thickening / hyperplasia of bronchial walls
-decrease in expiratory airflow rates & prolonged expiration due to airways being obstructed from increase in bronchial mucus
-wheezing, cough, dyspnea, respiratory infection

26
Q

chronic bronchitis - disease process con’t

A

-blockage of airways: insufficient oxygenation in alveoli causes cyanosis = bluish tinge to skin
-chronic bronchitis: tend to gain weight
-cyanosis & edema = “blue bloater”

27
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

-combination of chronic bronchitis & emphysema
-most commonly occurs in people who smoke

28
Q

causes of chronic bronchitis

A

-smoking: airway inflammation, changes in airway goblet cells & epithelium
-environmental factors: air pollution, occupational exposure to inhaled particles / fumes

29
Q

respiratory tract & lungs - UPPER respiratory tract

A

-air flows through nasal cavity & pharynx where it is warmed & humidified
-air is filtered & particles removed by mucosa & cilia

30
Q

respiratory tract & lungs - LOWER respiratory tract

A

-air transported to alveoli where gas exchange takes place
-ventilation is air exchange from atmosphere to alveoli

31
Q

respiratory tract & lungs - trachea

A

-branches into left & right main bronchi at level of 2nd rib anteriorly & T5 posteriorly
-bronchi supply left & right lungs through further division into lobar & segmental bronchi

32
Q

respiratory tract & lungs - bronchi (pathway)

A

-further divide into bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli
-trachea & alveoli supplied by lots of mucus-producing cells & ciliated cells which line airways

33
Q

respiratory tract & lungs - LEFT lung

A

-divided into TWO lobes
-divided obliquely by a fissure between left upper & lower lobes from 5th rib anteriorly to T3 posteriorly

34
Q

respiratory tract & lungs - RIGHT lung

A

-divided into THREE lobes: upper, middle, lower
-fissure between upper & middle lobes runs obliquely from 3rd rib anteriorly to T3 posteriorly
-fissure between middle & lower lobe runs obliquely from 6th rib anteriorly & 5th rib at level of lateral border of scapula

35
Q

muscles of respiration - RESTING INHALATION

A

-diaphragm contracts & flattens
-external intercostals contract, lifting ribs
-thorax volume increases & pressure in lungs decreases
-air moves into lungs
-scalenes elevate first 2 ribs, becoming active
-average adult breathes 10-12x per minute at rest

36
Q

muscles of respiration - FORCED INHALATION

A

-diaphragm descends at least 3-4 intercostal spaces
-accessory mm of inhalation are recruited
-with activity, average adult breathes 50x per minute

37
Q

muscles of respiration - RELAXED EXHALATION

A

-passive process
-diaphragm relaxes upward into domed shape
-external intercostals & scalenes relax, ribs drop
-thoracic volume decreases
-pressure in lungs increases, pushing air out of lungs

38
Q

muscles of respiration - FORCED EXHALATION

A

-internal intercostals contract, pulling ribs down
-rectus abdominis, internal & external obliques, QL also recruited

39
Q
A

SYSTEMICS (6 decks)

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