World War One/ prohibition terms Flashcards
World War I
A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the allies, notably, Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (which entered in 1915), and the central powers: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire. The war was sparked by the assassination in 1914 of the air to the throne of Australia. Prolonged stalemates, trench warfare, and immense casualties on both sides marked the fighting. The United States sought to remain neutral, but was outraged by the sinking of the Lusitania by a German submarine in 1915. And by Germany’s decision in 1916 to start unrestricted submarine warfare. In 1917, the United States entered the war on the side of the allies and helped to tip the balance in their favor. In full retreat on its western front, Germany asked for an armistice, or choose, which was granted on November 11, 1918. By the terms of the treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, Germany, had to make extensive concessions to the allies and pay large penalties. The government leaders of World War I included George Clemenceau, of France, David, Lloyd, George of Britain, Frasier Wilhelm the second of Germany, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States. World War I was known as the great war, or the world war, until World War II broke out.
German discontent over the terms of the treaty of Versailles, and over the Weimar republic that had accepted its provisions, led to the rise of the Nazis and Adolf Hitler, who pursued war like policies, not adequately opposed by the rest of Europe. Thus, barely 20 years after World War I was over. World War II began. A huge number of books, songs and poems have been written about World War I.American foot soldiers in World War I were popularly called doughboys. November 11, the day the fighting ended, is observed in the United States as Veterans Day.
Allies
The victorious allied nations of World War I, and World War II. In World War I, the allies included.: Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and the United States. In World War II, the allies included: Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States.
Central powers
Germany and its allies (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire) in World War I.
Doughboys
United States infantry soldiers who served in World War I.
Ellis island
An island in the harbor of New York City. The chief immigration station of the United States was on Ellis Island from 1892 to 1943. A time when millions of people, especially from Europe came to the United States.
Alice Island lives near the Statue of Liberty, which made an impressive site for people approaching the United States for the first time. 1990 marked the opening of Ellis Island immigration museum.
Flappers
A nickname given to young women in the 1920s who defied convention by cutting their hair short, and wearing short skirts, as well as my behavior such as drinking and smoking in public.
Great war
A common name for World War I before a second world war broke out.
Warren G. Harding
A political leader of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who served as president from 1921 to 1923. As a republican party candidate in the campaign of 1920, he described his goal as a return to “normalcy” after the ambitious foreign and domestic policies of the outgoing, democratic president, Woodrow Wilson; Harding strongly opposed the participation of the United States in the league of nations. As Hardings presidency went on the corruption of some of the officials he appointed became increasingly evident; Harding died in office before the worst of the Harding scandals came to light.
Herbert Hoover
A political leader of the 20th century, who was president from 1929 to 1933. Hoover became famous for his direction of relief work in Europe after World War I. He had been president only a few months when the Great Depression began and a Republican, he was reluctant to use the power of the federal government against the depression. Hoover tried to persuade voters that private enterprise could turn the economy around, but he lost the election of 1932 to Franklin D Roosevelt in the late 1940s he was head of a commission to make the federal government more efficient.
Jazz age
The 1920s in the United States, a decade marked, not only by the popularity of jazz, but also by the tax on convention in many areas of American life.
League of Nations
An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the treaty of Versailles. The league, for runner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor, problems, refugee affairs, and the like. It was too weak, however, to prevent the great powers from going to war in 1939.
Although President Woodrow Wilson of the United States was a principal founder of the league the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles, and the United States never joined the league.
Lost generation
The young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were “lost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move into a subtle life. Gertrude Stein is usually credited with popularizing the expression.
Mafia
A criminal organization that originated in Sicily and was brought to the United States by Italian immigrants in the late 19th century. The mafia is also called the syndicate, the mob, and the Cosa Nostra. (our thing.) the mafia built its power through extortion, forcing tradesmen and shopkeepers to buy mafia protection against destruction“ and by dominating the bootlegging industry, the illegal production and distribution of liquor during the prohibition members of the mafia often let outwardly respectable lives and maintain a variety of illegitimate businesses as a front, or cover, for their criminal activities, which includes extortion, gambling, and narcotics distribution.
Progressive education
Abroad movement for educational reform in the 20th century. Progressive education is principally associated with John Dewey, but it contains many different and often conflicting ideas. In general, progressive educators view existing schools, as to rigid, formal, and detached from real life. They prefer informal classroom arrangements and informal relations between pupils and teachers.They also prefer that schools teach useful subjects, including occupations, and emphasize “learning by doing” rather than instruction purely from textbooks. Someplace the developing personality of the child at the center of educational, thinking and insist, “teach the child, not the subject”.
Progressive movement
A movement from reform that occurred roughly between 1900-1920. Progressive typically held that you’re responsible actions by the rich work, corrupting both public and private life. They called for measures such as busting, the regulation of railroads, provision for people to vote on themselves through referendum, the election of the Senate by the people rather than by state legislatures, and a graduated income tax, one in which higher tax rates are applied to higher incomes. The progressive were able to get much of their program passed into law. President, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were associated with some movement.
Prohibition
The outlawing of alcoholic beverages nationwide from 1920 to 1933, under an amendment to the constitution. The amendment, enforced by Volstead act, was repealed by another amendment to the constitution in 1933.
Roaring 20s
The 1920s in the United States, called “roller roaring“ because of the exuberant, free wheeling popular culture of the decade. The roaring 20s was a time in many people, defied prohibition, including in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional, moral standards.
Scopes trial
The trial of John scopes, a high school teacher in Tennessee, for teaching the theory of evolution in violation of state law. The trial was held in 1925, with eminent lawyers on both sides, William Jennings, Brian, for the prosecution, and Clarence Darrow for the defense. Although scopes was convicted, he was given a normal fine, and the outcome was widely theme of con victory for Darrow.
At the time, many saw the scopes trial as a sign of deep conflict between science and religion.
William Howard Taft
A political leader of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A Republican, Taft was president between 1909 and 1913. At the beginning of his presidency, he stayed close to policies of Theodore Roosevelt, who had been president before him. Later, however, he turned to more conservative measures, such as a high protective tariff, and he lost popularity. In foreign policy, Taft advocated dollar diplomacy. He came in third in the election of 1912, running as a Republican, behind Woodrow Wilson, and Theodore Roosevelt. In the 1920s Taft served as chief justice of the Supreme Court.
Titanic
A British luxury ocean liner, thought to be unsinkable, which nevertheless sank on its first voyage in 1912 after running into an iceberg in the north Atlantic Ocean. More than 1500 people drowned.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty that officially ended World War I, signed at the palace of Versailles in France. The leading figures at the tree in negotiations were premier George Clemenceau a friends, Prime Minister, David, Lloyd, George of Britain, and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States. The treaty was far more punitive towards Germany than Wilson’s 14 points; it required Germany to give up land and much of its army and navy and to pay extensive reparations for damages to civilians in the war. The treaty also created the league of nations.
Woodrow Wilson
A political leader and educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A democrat, he was elected president in 1912 after serving as president of Princeton University and as governor of New Jersey. Wilson was president from 1913 to 1921. He tried to keep the United States neutral after World War I broke out in 1914; his campaign slogan in 1916 was “he kept us out of war.“ After Germany had repeatedly violated the neutral status of the United States, the country finally did enter the war in 1917, with Wilson maintaining the quote. The world must be made safe for democracy.“ Wilson produced his aims for peace, 14 points, soon afterword. At Wilson’s instance, the treaty that ended the war provided for a new international organization, the league of nations. Wilson was bitterly disappointed when the United States Senate refused to permit the United States to join the league.He went on a strenuous speaking tour to convince the American public of the leagues importance. While on the tour, he suffered a stroke, from which he never fully recovered. In 1919 Wilson was awarded the Nobel prize for peace.
Ty Cobb
A baseball player of the early 20th century. Cobb long-held the world record for runs batted in and stolen bases in a career in the major leagues. He still holds the record for a lifetime batting average.
Calvin Coolidge
A political leader of the early 20th century. A republican, he rose to prominence as governor of Massachusetts when he broke a strike by policeman, Boston, saying, “there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.” He was elected vice president under Warren Harding and became president in 1923 when Warren Harding died. In 1924 he was elected on his own but he declined to reelection in 1998; Herbert exceeded him in 1929. Coolidge worked to restrain the growth of government and especially to keep it from interfering with private enterprise; he declared that “the business of America is business”
Coolidge was renowned for using few words; he announced his retirement from the president presidency in one sentence “I do not choose to run for president in 1928.”
Democratic party
One of the two major political parties in the United States; the Democrats. The origins of the Democrats are in the Democratic Republican party, organized by Thomas Jefferson in the late 18th century; the first president elected simply as a Democrat was Andrew Jackson. Always strong in the south, the party was severely damaged by succession, the Civil War, and reconstruction, and did not produce a winning presidential candidate between 1861 and 1885, When Grover Cleveland was elected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in contrast to the Republicans, the Democrats tend to be the party of the south and west, opposed to the interests of business and the Northeast. Woodrow Wilson, the next Democratic president, was part of the progressive movement. In the period of the new deal, in the presidency of Franklin D. Rose of help, the labor, union members, minority groups, and middle income people.
Since the new deal, Democrats have emphasized the role of the federal government in promoting social, economic, and political opportunities for all citizens. They generally support a tax system, that places a greater burden on the rich and large corporations, and they prefer spending on social programs to spending on defense. Today, most blacks, along with Jews, liberals, and labor unions, support the party, which, since the 1930s has been strong in major cities. The Democrats strength in the white south, its strongest base before 1950, has slipped significantly, and in the 1970s and 1980s many blue-collar workers shifted to the Republican party.
Under President Clinton, the Democratic Party shed some of its new deal legacies in order to win back white working class and middle class voters lost to the Republicans.
The Democrat party symbol is the donkey.
Lou Gehrig
A baseball player of the early 20th century. A team made a Babe Ruth, Garrick that a record for the major league, not broken until 1999, by playing in over 2000 consecutive games.
While still in his 30s, Garrick died from a rare disease of the nerves, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, that has become commonly known as “Lou Gehrig’s disease.”
Harding scandals
Major incidents of corruption in government that occurred while Warren Harding was president in the early 1920s. The most notable called the Teapot Dome scandal, involve the lease of federally owned oil, reserve lens to private interests, in return for brides. Several high officials, including the secretary of the inferior, were ultimately convicted for their parts in the affair. Although not personally implicated in the wrongdoing, Harding had clearly made a bad choice of associates and was taken by the scandals.
Charles a. Lindbergh
An aviator of the 20th century. In 1927 Lindenbergh flew alone from New York City to Paris across the Atlantic Ocean traveling nonstop in the spirit of St. Louis. His was the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic and the first solo flight across the ocean. Young, and engaging in manner, he became an instant hero, nicknamed the “loan eagle“ and “lucky Lindy.” After World War II had begun, but before the United States entered the war, he urged American neutrality and was heavily criticized for a stand.
The kidnapping and murder of Lindberg’s infant Aunt son in 1932 gained attention around the world and led to the strengthening of federal laws against kidnapping.
Lusitania
A British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland in 1915. Germany, at war with Britain, but not with the United States. The United States had warned Americans against traveling on the ship. More than 100 Americans died in the sink sinking. The incident worsened relations between Germany and the United States and encouraged American involvement in the war.
Alice Paul
An American feminist and suffragist of the early 20th century; she founded the nations women’s party in 1916 and let protests at the White House before Congress on behalf of women’s rights. Her tactic led to imprisonment, but also contributed to president Woodrow Wilson’s decision to make an amendment, giving women the right to vote priority. In 1923 she proposed an equal rights amendment to the constitution, but encountered opposition from various groups, including women’s organizations, which feared the loss of protective legislation if the amendments were ratified. Although the ERA has continued to be proposed, it never ratified.
Red scare
The rounding up and deportation of several hundred immigrants of radical political views by the federal government in 1919 and 1920. This “stare” was caused by fears of subversion by communists in the United States after the Russian revolution.
Babe Ruth
A baseball player of the early 20th century, known for hitting home runs. He’s hit 60 home runs in 1927, a record for a 154 game season that stood until the late 20th century. Ruth supposedly once pointed to a spot in the seats, where he would hit his next home run, and then proceeded to hit the ball there. His real name was George Herman Ruth
Margaret Sanger
The founder in the 1910s and 1920s of the birth control movement. Sanger overcame the initial hostility of the medical profession and combed laws that made in most states prohibited contraception. She later headed to Planned Parenthood Federation.
Settlement houses
Social and cultural centers established by reformers in slum areas of American cities during the 1890s and the early 1900s. Jane Adams founded the most famous settlement house, in Chicago.
Settlement houses attracted idealistic college graduates, eager to learn how the poor lived and to improve the condition of the poor.
Social gospel
A religious movement that arose in the United States in the late 19th century, with the goal of making the Christian churches, more responsive to social problems, such as poverty and prostitution. Leaders of the movement argued that Jesus’ message was as much about social reform as about individual approaches to salvation.
Jim Thorpe
An athlete of the 20th century, known for his ability in several sports. A Native American, he was a leading college football player and also the best performer in track and field events at the 1912 Olympic Games.
Trench warfare
Warfare marked by slowing down of opposing forces and piecemeal gains at heavy cost. The term applies, especially to World War I.
The world must be made safe for democracy
Words used by President Woodrow Wilson in 1917 to justify his call for a declaration of war on Germany. The words implied that Germany’s military ism threatened democracy everywhere.
The business of America is business
A statement made by President Calvin Coolidge in the 1920s.
Coolidge’s words are often mentioned as typical of the overconfidence in the American economy that proceeded the great depression.
Clarence Darrow
A lawyer and author of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was known for his defense of unpopular cases and persons, including Eugene V. Debs. Darrell was defense attorney in the scopes trial.
Edwardian period
A time in 20th century, British history, the first decade of the century, when Edward, the seventh, the eldest son of Queen Victoria, was King. The Edwardian. Period Was known for elegance and luxury among the rich and powerful in Britain, but also for moral looseness and for a general failure to prepare for some of the challenges of the 20th century, particularly World War I, which broke out four years after the death of King Edward.
14 points
14 goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the 14 points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The “association of nations“ Wilson also mention the league of nations.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
An Australian prince, air to the throne, whose assassination in Savajevo in 1914 set off World War I.
Marcus Garvey
Jamaican Bourne, black nationalist who founded the universal Negro improvement association in the 1920s to encourage self-help among blacks. Opposed to colonialism, Garvey advocated black, separatism and nationalism. The black star shipping line, which facilitated immigration of African blacks to Africa, was among his projects. He was eventually jailed from male fraud and deported to Jamaica by theUS government, which feared his influence in the black community.
Oliver Wendell Junior Holmes
A judge of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Holmes served on the Supreme Court from 1902 to 1932, retiring when past 90. He was celebrated for his legal wisdom and frequently stood in the minority when the court decided cases. He insisted on viewing the lot as a social instrument rather than a set of abstract principles. He delivered a famous opinion, concerning freedom of speech, holding that it must be allowed except when it presents up “clear and present danger“
Lafayette, we are here
Were spoken by an American military officer in 1917 at the tomb of a French patriot, the Marcus de Lafayette, who fought for the United States in the revolutionary war. “Lafayette, we are here” suggested that, by entering World War I on the side of France, Americans were repaying a debt to the French, who had helped the United States gain its independence from Britain. Some have identified the person who said “Lafayette, we are here“ as general, John Pershing
Walter Lippmann
Journalist and author of the 20th century. Lipman wrote a widely red newspaper column in several books, including the public philosophy.
Lipman has been mentioned as a prime example of a political prudent, a person with wide ranging but authoritative views on public affairs.
David Lloyd George
A British political leader of the late 19th and early 20th century; he was Prime Minister of Britain at the end of World War I and afterwards. After the war at the negotiations that produced the tree of Versailles, Lloyd, George opposed president Woodrow, Wilson, of the United States, who is relatively conciliatory towards Germany. Lloyd George called for squeezing Germany “until the pips squeak”
Huey Long
A political leader of the 1920s and 1930s who served as governor of Louisiana and represented that state in the Senate. He promised every family enough money for a home, car, radio, pension, and college education. A demagogue, long dominated Louisiana’s politics and pushed aside opposition. He plan to run for president, but was assassinated before he could do so.
Long was nicknamed the “Kingfish”, members of Long’s family played a prominent role in Louisiana and national politics for sometime.
National origins act of 1924
Allah that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quota that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, and a virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.
Normalcy
A word used by President Warren Harding to describe the common political and social order to which he wished the United States after the idealism and commotion of the president of Woodrow Wilson.
Normalcy has been used as a general term for the political climate in the United States in the early 1920s
John Pershing
A military leader of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1916, general person commanded the United States troops that pursued the Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho villa into Mexico. In 1917, he was made commander of the United States troops to Europe to fight in World War I.
Person was known as “blackjack.”
Villa Pancho
A Mexican revolutionary leader of the 20th century. He was defeated in the struggle for the presidency of Mexico after the Mexican revolution of 1910 and was eventually assassinated. At one point, Villa rated the town in New Mexico, hoping to embarrass his opposition back home. The United States sent troops under General John Pershing, in pursuit of Villa, and the United States in Mexico nearly went to war.
Jeanette Rankin
Suffragist and pacifist Rankin in 1917 became the first woman to serve in Congress. She has the distinction of being the only member of Congress to vote against American entry in both world wars.
Sacco and Vanzetti
The two anarchist Nikola, Sacco, and Bartolommeo Vanzetti who were convicted of a robbery and two murders in Massachusetts in the early 1920s in sentence to death. Sacco and Vanzetti were born in Italy, but I’ve been living in the United States for years when they were child. Several faulty procedures took place in the trial. Many people have thought that Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted because of their political views, and not because of the evidence against them their supporters obtained several delays of their execution, but special committee appointed by the governor of Massachusetts held the original jury’s verdict, and they were put to death in 1927. Liberals and radicals all over the world were outrageous by the execution.
