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industrial revolution > world history vocab/exam > Flashcards

world history vocab/exam Flashcards

1
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Believed all people are naturally wicked and selfish. believed in absolute monarchy and that a social contract is needed

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2
Q

John Locke

A

Said that people learn from experience. believed in 3 natural rights: life, liberty and property. Citizens have the right to overthrow their government if their rights are not protected.

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3
Q

Voltaire

A

used satire to bring about change. fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of speech, and religion. criticized the french government, monarchy, and catholic church through his literature

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4
Q

Montesquieu

A

Proposed separation of powers and checks and balances- branches could check in with each other, limiting the power of each

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5
Q

Jean Jaque Rousseau

A

felt only a good government is formed by the people, believed in direct democracy, and committed to individual freedom, equality, and the ending of nobility. His version of the social contract is that it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government.

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6
Q

Karl Marx

A

Founder of Marxism, wrote the communist manifesto, communism, predicted workers would overthrow their employers

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7
Q

James Watt

A

improved steam engine, worked with Mathew Boulton

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8
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

Leader of the committee of public safety, changed the calender, renamed the month of 30 days each and no sundays. religion was considered dangerous, churches were closed. wanted to wipe out all traces of the past and eliminate any enemies of the new government.

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9
Q

otto von bismark

A

chosen by wilhelm 1 as prime minister of prussia, master of realpolitik, helped unify germany

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10
Q

klemens von metternich

A

host of the congress of vienna, wanted to restore europe

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11
Q

metternichs 3 main goals

A
  1. prevent future french aggression by making the nations around france stronger
  2. restore the balance of power so countries were not a threat to each other
  3. legitimacy- restore europes royal families, the legitimate rulers to their thrones
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12
Q

king louis xvi

A

king of france, hated by the citizens, indecisive, killed by guillotine, married at age 15

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13
Q

napoleon bonaparte

A

french military leader who ruled france and tried to rule the whole government of Europe, failed and sent to exile

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14
Q

how does napoleon restore order in france

A
  1. repairs the economy/ government- created tax collecting system and national bank
  2. established lycees- government run public schools, graduates were appointed on merit rather than family connections
  3. established a concordat with the church
  4. napoleonic code- a comprehensive system of laws that eliminated many injustices but it promoted order over individual rights such as freedom of speech and the press.
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15
Q

mary wollstonecraft

A

womens rights, urged women to enter medicine and politics

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16
Q

rene descartes

A

“i think therefore i am”, reject old assumptions, everything is doubted until proven by facts, science/math

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17
Q

gabriel fahrenheit

A

first mercury in glass thermometer

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18
Q

anderson celcius

A

developed new temperature scale

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19
Q

anton van leeuwenhoek

A

first to observe bacteria

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20
Q

zacharias jensen

A

optical telescope and microscope

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21
Q

isaac newton

A

law of universal gravitation

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22
Q

francis bacon

A

experiment then draw conclusions, empiricism- theory that all knowledge is gained from experimental science

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23
Q

andreas vesalius

A

wrote on the structure of the human body

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24
Q

marie antoinette

A

queen of france, from austria, hated, lavish spending, killed by the guillotine

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25
Q

robert boyle

A

matter is made up of smaller chemicals, boyle’s law

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26
Q

edward jenner

A

vaccine against small pox

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27
Q

jose de san martin

A

liberted argentina, chile, and peru

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28
Q

toussaint l’overture

A

united Haiti

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29
Q

king wilhelm 1

A

king of prussia, wanted german unification

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30
Q

social contract

A

an agreement between the government and people

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31
Q

the philosophes

A

term for social critics of the time period who believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life

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32
Q

cesare beccaria

A

criticized the justice system, believed laws exist to preserve social order, advocated for speedy trial, death penalty should be ended, degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of crime

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33
Q

legacy of the enlightenment

A
  1. brought abt belief in progress
  2. gave people a more secular, or non-religious outlook on life
  3. helped lead to the rise of the individual
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34
Q

salons

A

a social gathering of intellectuals and artists in homes of wealth women in paris and other erupean cities

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35
Q

baroque

A

a style characterized by grand, ornate elements that were often seen in art and elaborate places

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36
Q

neoclassical

A

a newer style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and from reflects more of simple and elegant style

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37
Q

despot

A

an absolute ruler

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38
Q

enlightened despot

A

european monarchs who were inspired by enlightenment ideas to rule more justly and respect the rights of their subejcts

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39
Q

frederick the great

A

king of prussia, improved education, goal was to serve and strengthen his country, believed serfdom was wrong but refused to upend the social structure

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40
Q

joseph II of austria

A

made laws more fair, granted freedom of the press, increased educational opportunities, supported freedom of worship, abolished serfdom

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41
Q

catherine the great

A

empress of russia, ruled with absolute authority but was intrigued by enlightenment ideas, exchanged letters with voltaire, formed a communism to reform russia

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42
Q

how did enlightenment influence the declaration of independence- written mostly by thomas jefferson

A
  1. enlightenment ideas essentially justify independence
  2. colonists asked for the same political rights as the people in Britain and in heir eyes were justified in rebelling against a tyrant who broke social contract
  3. based on john locke and ideas of enlightenment
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43
Q

the articles of confederation

A

an ineffective constitution and many thought needed change

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44
Q

the constitutinal convention

A

the delegates gathered to revise the articles of confederation but decided to create a new constitution. us constitution was finally ratified in 1788

45
Q

us constitution

A

federal law is supreme over state law, created separation of powers, created a federal system- power is divided between national and state governments

46
Q

bill of rights

A

first 10 amendments to the constitution, includes many freedoms,

47
Q

the old order/old regime

A

the old social and political system of france

48
Q

the first estate

A

-the roman catholic church (clergy)
- owned 10% of the land
- paid 2% of their income taxes
-1% of population

49
Q

2nd estate

A

-rich nobles
-2% of population
-owned 20% of land
-paid almost no taxes

50
Q

3rd estate

A

-97% of people in france
-three groups:
- Bourgeosie- middle class
- bankers, factory owners, professionals
- could be as rich as nobles but had to pay high taxes
- Workers of frances cities-
- urban workers -frequently out of work- poorest of the 3
-Peasants - 80% of people
- paid 50% of income taxes

51
Q

the estates general

A

the first EG meeting in 175 years, called to help with debt and wanted to tax nobles. problem with the 3rd estate, typically the first 2 would outvote the 3rd estate. 3rd estate wanted change where each delegate would have one vote but it was refused

52
Q

the national assembly

A

the 3rd estate delegate separated from the estates-general and renamed themselves the national assembly. this new group proclaimed an end to the absolute monarchy and the beginning of a representative government

53
Q

tennis court oath

A

3rd estate broke into an indoor tennis court and refused to leave until a new constitution was written

54
Q

storming of the bastille

A

a mob searching for gun powder and arms stormed the bastille - a Paris prison- and this became a symbolic act of the revolution

55
Q

the great fear

A

rumors persist that nobles will horde grain to starve the peasants and stop the rebellion

56
Q

the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen

A

document that stated that men are born and remain free and equal in rights

57
Q

slogan of the french revolution

A

liberty, equality, faternity

58
Q

radicals

A

opposed monarchy and wanted sweeping changes

59
Q

moderates

A

some changes but not as much as radicals

60
Q

conservatives

A

idea of limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government

61
Q

emigres

A

nobles and others who fled France hoping to restore order of the old regime from outside

62
Q

sans-culottes

A

shop keepers and workers who wanted even greater change

63
Q

jacobins

A

a radical/extremist group opposed to the monarchy

64
Q

jean paul marat

A

prominent writer and jacobin leader and was later murdered

65
Q

the reign of terror

A

no one was safe and anyone who robenspierre thought threatened him or the revolution was executed or arrested

66
Q

plebiscite

A

a vote of the people on a new constitution, held by napoleon

67
Q

napoleonic wars

A

napoleon slowly gained control of territories in Europe through annexations and crushing military victories. established the largest empire in Europe since romans and only enemy left was britain

68
Q

battle of trafalgar

A

napoleon was defeated and this ensured the supremacy of British naval forces and forced napoleon to give up plans for invading Britain

69
Q

napoleons 3 costly mistakes

A
  1. continential system- goal was to make Europe more self-sufficient but Britain created its own blockade and it only weakened British trade because smugglers brought cargo in and out since blockades weren’t tight enough
  2. peninsular war- napoleon sent invasion through pain to get Portugal to accept the continental system and placed his brother as king of spain. spanish were worried the catholic church would lose power and Spanish people inflamed nationalistic feelings
  3. the invasion of russia- french soldiers invaded Russia but the scorched earth policy was used
70
Q

scorched earth policy

A

a policy practiced by the russians that involved burning grain and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing for the enemy

71
Q

battle of borodino napoleons retreat

A

napoleon decided to retreat and french soldiers were attacked mercilessly

72
Q

napoleon was exiled to elba

A
73
Q

battle of waterloo

A

napoleon escapes elba and returns to paris. he attacks british army but prussia arrives and together the British and prussia destroy napoleon

74
Q

hundred days

A

napoleons last bid for power

75
Q

napoleon was then exiled to st helena

A
76
Q

the congress of vienna

A

europeons head of government were looking to establish peace and stability

77
Q

holy alliance

A

formed by the leaders of russia, austria, and prussia to use Christian principles to fight ideas of revolution

78
Q

concert of europe

A

europeon nations agreed to help eachother if any revolutions broke out

79
Q

legacy of congress of vienna and french revolution

A
  1. decreased fench power
  2. fueled the idea of nationalism
  3. helped more people see democracy as a way to ensure equality and justice for all
80
Q

the colonia society

A
  1. peninsulares- peole born in spain
  2. creoles - spaniards born in latin america
  3. mestizos - those with mixed european/indian heritage
  4. mulattos - those with mixed European/african heritage
  5. native American indians
  6. africans
81
Q

which state in italy was the most powerful and looked to unite the different Italian states

A

sardinia

82
Q

who was the prime minister who led that movement

A

camillo de cavour

83
Q

what city becomes the capital of italy after unification

A

victor emmanuel II

84
Q

3 types of nationalism movements

A
  1. unification - mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands (Germany)
  2. separation - culturally distinct group resists being added to state or tries to break away (greeks from ottoman empire)
  3. state-building- culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture (US)
85
Q

conservative

A

usually wealth property owners and nobility. they argued for protecting traditional monarchs of europe

86
Q

liberal

A

mostly middle class business leaders and merchants. wanted to give more power to elected parliaments but only the educated and the landowners would vote.

87
Q

radical

A

favored drastic change

88
Q

nation-state

A

an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity

89
Q

springtime of the poeples

A

revolutionary liberal ethnic uprisings in europe

90
Q

russification

A

forcing russian culture on all ethnic groups

91
Q

junkers

A

conservative members of prussias wealthy landowning class

92
Q

how does bismark unite germany

A
  1. defeat of denmark
    2.seven weeks war
  2. franco-prussian war
93
Q

romanticism

A

a movemtn that reflected deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual

94
Q

realism

A

showing life as it was not as it should be

95
Q

impressionism

A

showing their impression of a subject or moment in time

96
Q

this state had a mostly german population and the most powerful army in europe

A

prussia

97
Q

who wrote the wealth of nations

A

adam smith (capitalsm)

98
Q

presidential democracy

A

all ciizens can vote for who becomes the president of a nation

99
Q

parliamentary democracy

A

body representatives by the people of a nation to make laws

100
Q

theocracy

A

controlled by religious leaders based on religious principles

101
Q

what was the geocentric theory

A

belief that the earth is the center of the universe and that the sun revolves around the earth

102
Q

what is the heliocentric theory

A

the eart and other planets revolve around the sun

103
Q

which italian scientist challenged the geocentric theory in the starry messenger

A

galileo who was forced to recant his statements and was later imprisoned

104
Q

what area of study did the scientific revolution start in

A

astronomy

105
Q

this was developed during the scientific revolution as a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

A

scientific method

106
Q

the formation of the national assembly marked what

A

the end of the absolute monarchy in france

107
Q
A
108
Q
A

industrial revolution (4 decks)

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