world history vocab/exam Flashcards
Thomas Hobbes
Believed all people are naturally wicked and selfish. believed in absolute monarchy and that a social contract is needed
John Locke
Said that people learn from experience. believed in 3 natural rights: life, liberty and property. Citizens have the right to overthrow their government if their rights are not protected.
Voltaire
used satire to bring about change. fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of speech, and religion. criticized the french government, monarchy, and catholic church through his literature
Montesquieu
Proposed separation of powers and checks and balances- branches could check in with each other, limiting the power of each
Jean Jaque Rousseau
felt only a good government is formed by the people, believed in direct democracy, and committed to individual freedom, equality, and the ending of nobility. His version of the social contract is that it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government.
Karl Marx
Founder of Marxism, wrote the communist manifesto, communism, predicted workers would overthrow their employers
James Watt
improved steam engine, worked with Mathew Boulton
Maximilien Robespierre
Leader of the committee of public safety, changed the calender, renamed the month of 30 days each and no sundays. religion was considered dangerous, churches were closed. wanted to wipe out all traces of the past and eliminate any enemies of the new government.
otto von bismark
chosen by wilhelm 1 as prime minister of prussia, master of realpolitik, helped unify germany
klemens von metternich
host of the congress of vienna, wanted to restore europe
metternichs 3 main goals
- prevent future french aggression by making the nations around france stronger
- restore the balance of power so countries were not a threat to each other
- legitimacy- restore europes royal families, the legitimate rulers to their thrones
king louis xvi
king of france, hated by the citizens, indecisive, killed by guillotine, married at age 15
napoleon bonaparte
french military leader who ruled france and tried to rule the whole government of Europe, failed and sent to exile
how does napoleon restore order in france
- repairs the economy/ government- created tax collecting system and national bank
- established lycees- government run public schools, graduates were appointed on merit rather than family connections
- established a concordat with the church
- napoleonic code- a comprehensive system of laws that eliminated many injustices but it promoted order over individual rights such as freedom of speech and the press.
mary wollstonecraft
womens rights, urged women to enter medicine and politics
rene descartes
“i think therefore i am”, reject old assumptions, everything is doubted until proven by facts, science/math
gabriel fahrenheit
first mercury in glass thermometer
anderson celcius
developed new temperature scale
anton van leeuwenhoek
first to observe bacteria
zacharias jensen
optical telescope and microscope
isaac newton
law of universal gravitation
francis bacon
experiment then draw conclusions, empiricism- theory that all knowledge is gained from experimental science
andreas vesalius
wrote on the structure of the human body
marie antoinette
queen of france, from austria, hated, lavish spending, killed by the guillotine
robert boyle
matter is made up of smaller chemicals, boyle’s law
edward jenner
vaccine against small pox
jose de san martin
liberted argentina, chile, and peru
toussaint l’overture
united Haiti
king wilhelm 1
king of prussia, wanted german unification
social contract
an agreement between the government and people
the philosophes
term for social critics of the time period who believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life
cesare beccaria
criticized the justice system, believed laws exist to preserve social order, advocated for speedy trial, death penalty should be ended, degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of crime
legacy of the enlightenment
- brought abt belief in progress
- gave people a more secular, or non-religious outlook on life
- helped lead to the rise of the individual
salons
a social gathering of intellectuals and artists in homes of wealth women in paris and other erupean cities
baroque
a style characterized by grand, ornate elements that were often seen in art and elaborate places
neoclassical
a newer style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and from reflects more of simple and elegant style
despot
an absolute ruler
enlightened despot
european monarchs who were inspired by enlightenment ideas to rule more justly and respect the rights of their subejcts
frederick the great
king of prussia, improved education, goal was to serve and strengthen his country, believed serfdom was wrong but refused to upend the social structure
joseph II of austria
made laws more fair, granted freedom of the press, increased educational opportunities, supported freedom of worship, abolished serfdom
catherine the great
empress of russia, ruled with absolute authority but was intrigued by enlightenment ideas, exchanged letters with voltaire, formed a communism to reform russia
how did enlightenment influence the declaration of independence- written mostly by thomas jefferson
- enlightenment ideas essentially justify independence
- colonists asked for the same political rights as the people in Britain and in heir eyes were justified in rebelling against a tyrant who broke social contract
- based on john locke and ideas of enlightenment
the articles of confederation
an ineffective constitution and many thought needed change
the constitutinal convention
the delegates gathered to revise the articles of confederation but decided to create a new constitution. us constitution was finally ratified in 1788
us constitution
federal law is supreme over state law, created separation of powers, created a federal system- power is divided between national and state governments
bill of rights
first 10 amendments to the constitution, includes many freedoms,
the old order/old regime
the old social and political system of france
the first estate
-the roman catholic church (clergy)
- owned 10% of the land
- paid 2% of their income taxes
-1% of population
2nd estate
-rich nobles
-2% of population
-owned 20% of land
-paid almost no taxes
3rd estate
-97% of people in france
-three groups:
- Bourgeosie- middle class
- bankers, factory owners, professionals
- could be as rich as nobles but had to pay high taxes
- Workers of frances cities-
- urban workers -frequently out of work- poorest of the 3
-Peasants - 80% of people
- paid 50% of income taxes
the estates general
the first EG meeting in 175 years, called to help with debt and wanted to tax nobles. problem with the 3rd estate, typically the first 2 would outvote the 3rd estate. 3rd estate wanted change where each delegate would have one vote but it was refused
the national assembly
the 3rd estate delegate separated from the estates-general and renamed themselves the national assembly. this new group proclaimed an end to the absolute monarchy and the beginning of a representative government
tennis court oath
3rd estate broke into an indoor tennis court and refused to leave until a new constitution was written
storming of the bastille
a mob searching for gun powder and arms stormed the bastille - a Paris prison- and this became a symbolic act of the revolution
the great fear
rumors persist that nobles will horde grain to starve the peasants and stop the rebellion
the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen
document that stated that men are born and remain free and equal in rights
slogan of the french revolution
liberty, equality, faternity
radicals
opposed monarchy and wanted sweeping changes
moderates
some changes but not as much as radicals
conservatives
idea of limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government
emigres
nobles and others who fled France hoping to restore order of the old regime from outside
sans-culottes
shop keepers and workers who wanted even greater change
jacobins
a radical/extremist group opposed to the monarchy
jean paul marat
prominent writer and jacobin leader and was later murdered
the reign of terror
no one was safe and anyone who robenspierre thought threatened him or the revolution was executed or arrested
plebiscite
a vote of the people on a new constitution, held by napoleon
napoleonic wars
napoleon slowly gained control of territories in Europe through annexations and crushing military victories. established the largest empire in Europe since romans and only enemy left was britain
battle of trafalgar
napoleon was defeated and this ensured the supremacy of British naval forces and forced napoleon to give up plans for invading Britain
napoleons 3 costly mistakes
- continential system- goal was to make Europe more self-sufficient but Britain created its own blockade and it only weakened British trade because smugglers brought cargo in and out since blockades weren’t tight enough
- peninsular war- napoleon sent invasion through pain to get Portugal to accept the continental system and placed his brother as king of spain. spanish were worried the catholic church would lose power and Spanish people inflamed nationalistic feelings
- the invasion of russia- french soldiers invaded Russia but the scorched earth policy was used
scorched earth policy
a policy practiced by the russians that involved burning grain and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing for the enemy
battle of borodino napoleons retreat
napoleon decided to retreat and french soldiers were attacked mercilessly
napoleon was exiled to elba
battle of waterloo
napoleon escapes elba and returns to paris. he attacks british army but prussia arrives and together the British and prussia destroy napoleon
hundred days
napoleons last bid for power
napoleon was then exiled to st helena
the congress of vienna
europeons head of government were looking to establish peace and stability
holy alliance
formed by the leaders of russia, austria, and prussia to use Christian principles to fight ideas of revolution
concert of europe
europeon nations agreed to help eachother if any revolutions broke out
legacy of congress of vienna and french revolution
- decreased fench power
- fueled the idea of nationalism
- helped more people see democracy as a way to ensure equality and justice for all
the colonia society
- peninsulares- peole born in spain
- creoles - spaniards born in latin america
- mestizos - those with mixed european/indian heritage
- mulattos - those with mixed European/african heritage
- native American indians
- africans
which state in italy was the most powerful and looked to unite the different Italian states
sardinia
who was the prime minister who led that movement
camillo de cavour
what city becomes the capital of italy after unification
victor emmanuel II
3 types of nationalism movements
- unification - mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands (Germany)
- separation - culturally distinct group resists being added to state or tries to break away (greeks from ottoman empire)
- state-building- culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture (US)
conservative
usually wealth property owners and nobility. they argued for protecting traditional monarchs of europe
liberal
mostly middle class business leaders and merchants. wanted to give more power to elected parliaments but only the educated and the landowners would vote.
radical
favored drastic change
nation-state
an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity
springtime of the poeples
revolutionary liberal ethnic uprisings in europe
russification
forcing russian culture on all ethnic groups
junkers
conservative members of prussias wealthy landowning class
how does bismark unite germany
- defeat of denmark
2.seven weeks war - franco-prussian war
romanticism
a movemtn that reflected deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual
realism
showing life as it was not as it should be
impressionism
showing their impression of a subject or moment in time
this state had a mostly german population and the most powerful army in europe
prussia
who wrote the wealth of nations
adam smith (capitalsm)
presidential democracy
all ciizens can vote for who becomes the president of a nation
parliamentary democracy
body representatives by the people of a nation to make laws
theocracy
controlled by religious leaders based on religious principles
what was the geocentric theory
belief that the earth is the center of the universe and that the sun revolves around the earth
what is the heliocentric theory
the eart and other planets revolve around the sun
which italian scientist challenged the geocentric theory in the starry messenger
galileo who was forced to recant his statements and was later imprisoned
what area of study did the scientific revolution start in
astronomy
this was developed during the scientific revolution as a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
scientific method
the formation of the national assembly marked what
the end of the absolute monarchy in france
