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industrial revolution > the age of imperialism > Flashcards

the age of imperialism Flashcards

1
Q

imperialism

A

a policy where a strong nation seeks to seize and dominate another territory or country politically, economically and/or socially for its own advantage

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2
Q

how did industrialization fuel this age of imperialism

A

industrialization fueled european desire for more resources and markets to sell their goods, towards the middle/end of the 19th century they began to look to africa/asia for those resources and markets

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3
Q

how was aftrica before european domination

A

africa was home to many hundreds of different ethnic tribes and linguistic groups, more then 1000 languages spoken, many followed traditional beliefs, some converted to Christianity or Islam, large empires to independent villages, African armies kept europeans out of Africa, europeans controlled only about 10% of African land

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4
Q

why had the europeans not colonized africa earlier

A

-had difficulty navigating african rivers
-discouraged by disease, unfriendly climate, and dangerous animals
-explorers, missionaries, humanitarians who opposed slave trade were some europeans who entered africa

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5
Q

who was dr. livingstone

A

david livingstone, a missionary, traveled into central Africa to promote Christianity. he disappeared for several years and was feared dead. a us reporter henry stanley was hired to find him. finally stanley found livingstone and these explorations sparked the interests of the belgian king

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6
Q

which beligan king colonized the congo

A

king leopold the second

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7
Q

how did he permit the africans to be treated

A

he sent in companies that brutally exploited the africans in the region by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants. 10 million Africans had died. the control of this territory alarmed other European nations and soon france, Britain, Germany, and other began claiming parts of Africa for profit as well

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8
Q

what were the 3 forces driving imperialism

A
  1. industrial revolution- europeans wanted new markets/raw materials
  2. national pride, belief in European superiority- wanted to gain as much territory as possible for their own benefit. racism- many europeans believed their race was superior to others
  3. Christian missionaries- wanted to convert the peoples of asia, Africa, and the pacific islands to Christianity, believed their style of rule was the best way to end evil practices such as the slave trade
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9
Q

social darwinism-

A

the application of darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies, reflects racism and national pride

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10
Q

what factors enabled imperialism

A
  1. the europeans were technologically superior (invention of automatic machine gun and steam engine, africans forced to rely on outdated weapons)
  2. Quinine- protected europeans from malaria
  3. africans huge variety of language and culture (discouraged unity and cooperation, the European divided and conquered)
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11
Q

what was the berlin congress

A

a meeting at which representatives of european nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa, no African ruler was invited
by 1914, only liveria nad ethiopia remained free from European control

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12
Q

what are crimes against humanity

A

a deliberate act, typically as a part of a systematic campaign, that causes human suffering or death on a large scale

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13
Q

what 3 groups clashed over south africa

A

zulus, boers, and the british

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14
Q

shaka

A

zulu chief who successfully fought off a British invasion by using his highly disciplined warriors to create a large centralized kingdom. however his successors couldn’t keep control of the land and eventually the zulu kingdom fell to the british

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15
Q

who were the boers

A

duch word for farmers. dutch had settled in south Africa at the cape of good hope and the British took over cape colony. boers calssed with British policy and boers moved north to escape the British and fought with zulus and other tribes to take their land

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16
Q

what caused the boer war

A

after moving to their new home, diamond and gold deposits were found on boer land. boers tried to keep “outsiders” out who were coming in to mine. an attempt to start a rebellion against the boers failed and they blamed the British. war begins between the British and boers

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17
Q

the boer war was the first of

A

the first modern “total” war, very brutal

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18
Q

outcome of the boer war

A

british eventually won and the boer republics were joined together in to the union of south Africa, controlled by the british

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19
Q

what are the 4 forms of imperialistic control

A
  1. colony- a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power ex: french somililand
  2. protectorate- a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power ex: British controlled nigeria
  3. sphere of influence- an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
  4. economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments ex: British east India company
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20
Q

2 forms of colonial management

A
  1. indirect control:
    - local government officials in control locally
    -limited self rule
    -goal: to develop future leaders on a local level
    - government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rule -ex: British colonies (nigeria, India, burma, us colonies on pacific islands)
  2. direct control:
    -foreign officials brought in to rule
    -no self rule
    -goal: assimilation
    -paternalism
    -ex: french colonies (somoliland, vietnam), german colonies
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21
Q

assimilation

A

government institutions are based only on european styles

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22
Q

paternalism

A

policy by the europeans where people were governed in a parental way, by providing for their needs, but not giving them rights

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23
Q

how did the british control nigeria

A

british gained control of southern nigeria through both military (force) and diplomatic (treaty) means

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24
Q

what form of imperialism was nigeria

A

the conquest of northern nigeria was completed economically by the Royal Nigeria Company as a protectorate

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25
Q

why was nigeria difficult for the british to govern

A

nigeria was one of the most culturally divers are of Africa, 250 different ethnic groups

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26
Q

why was nigeria ruled indirectly

A

british did not have enough troops to govern such a complex area, so it was ruled indirectly. this worked well with some of the groups but not others, who resented their power being limited by the british

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27
Q

why were most of the resistance efforts by the africans unsuccessful

A

europeans had superior technology and military power, all these revolutions failed except for ethiopia

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28
Q

how did the east africans try to resist the germans

A

the belief arose that people should unite against the germans and their superior weapons by using a new “war medicine”. it was believed that when this medicine (maji) was sprinkled on the body of a warrior, it would turn the german bullets to water

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29
Q

what leader helped ethiopia to remian independent

A

mellelik II, he played the italians, french, and British against eachother

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30
Q

how did ethiopia manage to stay independent

A

mellelik II had a stash of modern weapons and they won the battle of adowa against the italians

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31
Q

the negative affects of colonialism

A

-africans lost control of their land and independence
-many died from disease, resisting European rule, famine (forced more cash crops to be grown)
-breakdown of traditional African cultures

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32
Q

positivie affects of clonialism

A

-reduced local warfare
-humanitarian efforts (built hospitals, brought new medicines) increased lifespan and literacy rates
-african products came to be valued around the world
-europeans helped to modernize Africa overall

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33
Q

how did the ottoman empire lose power

A

had difficulty trying to fit into the modern world. after suleyman died, he was followed by a succession of weak sultans and by the 1830s greece and serbia gained independence from the ottomans

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34
Q

who was the last great ottoman sultan

A

sulyman I

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35
Q

geopolitics

A

an interest in taking land for its strategic location or products (cause of crimean war)

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36
Q

on factor that led to conflict between the russians, ottomans, British, and french

A

europeans were particularly interested in the ottoman territories that controlled access to the Mediterranean and atlantic

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37
Q

why did the europeans want the land possessed by the ottomans

A

controlled access to the mediterranean and atlantic

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38
Q

what were causes of the crimean war

A
  1. the russians wanted passage for its grain exports across the black sea into the Mediterranean
    2.protection of Christian religious sites in the ottoman territories
    - war broke out between the russians and the ottomans
    -britian and France wanted to prevent the russians from gaining control of additional ottoman lands so they joined with the ottomans
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39
Q

why did russia try to gain land on the black sea

A

they wanted passages for their grain exports across the black sea into the mediterranean

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40
Q

which countries were aligned and fought in the crimean war

A

britain and france were aligned with the ottomansw

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41
Q

who won the crimean war

A

ottomans

42
Q

what did their success in the crimean war reveal about the ottomans

A

revealed the empires weakness as they continued to lose land

43
Q

what were some firsts that occurred during the crimean war

A

-first femile army nurses (florence nightingale)
-first war correspondents

44
Q

the great game

A

conflict between russia and great britian in the region as they competed for territory and supremacy became known as the great game

45
Q

what about egypt made it so appealing to some of the European countries

A

egypts strategic location at the head of the red sea, the British and french sought to control this region

46
Q

who was muhammad ali

A

egyptian leader who tried to modernize egypt with a series of military and economic reforms. he shifted egyptian culture toward cotton at the expense of the peasants- less food crops more hunger

47
Q

who was Isma’il

A

built the suez canal, ali’s grandson

48
Q

what was the suez canal

A

connected the red sea to the mediterranean

49
Q

how did the suez canal help bring egypt under british control

A

since these projects were expensive, egypt had borrowed much of the money from European banks and they were eventually unable to pay the loan
-this led the British to occupy egypt

50
Q

what resource was discoered that prompted the British to become more interested in perisa

A

oil

51
Q

why did the persian government sell their land to European businesses

A

perisa lacked the capital to develop its own resources

52
Q

how was persia divided up between russia and britain

A

these businesses began to develop the oil fields, sending the profits back to Europe. after civil unrest and a tobacco boycott weakened the persian government, Russia nd britain took over the country and divided it into spheres of influence

53
Q

which british company began to govern most of india

A

british east india company

54
Q

sepoys

A

indan soldiers

55
Q

why was india called britains brightest “jewel in the crown”

A

they were britains most valuable country because they became a major supplier of raw materials for British factories and its 300 million people was a large market for British goods

56
Q

how did the british maintain control of the indian economy

A

they set up restrictions that prevented the indian economy from operating on its own:
-indian resources to britian (raw materials produced on plantations included coffee, tea, indigo, cotton, and jute
-indians forced to buy British goods
-indian goods were not permitted to compete with British goods
ex: the indian textile industry was almost put out of business by cheap British cloth

57
Q

negative impacts of colonialism on india

A

-british held most political and economic power
-british restriction on indain industry
-exssessive cash crop production resulted in famine
-racism and missionaries threatened traditional indian life and customs

58
Q

positive impacts of colonialsim on india

A

-greatly expanded the railroad network
-modernzed the economy and connected regions
-moder roads, telephone/telegraph lines, dams, bridges, irrigation canals, modernized the country
-sanitation/public health/education improved
-cleared bandits and ended local warfare

59
Q

what was the primary cause of the sepy rebellion

A

a rumor began to spread among the sepys that the cartridges of their new rifles were greased with beef and pork fat, to use cartridges, soldiers had to bite off the ends, this was offensive to Muslims and hindus

60
Q

how did the british respond to the seboy rebellion

A

jailed 85 soldiers who refused to accept the cartridges and fighting was fierce as the sepoys and British tried to slaughter eachother

61
Q

what prevented the sepoys from winning

A

the indians were unable to unite against the British due to weak leadership and divisions between the hindus and muslims

62
Q

what did the sepoy rebellion cause the British government to do

A

the british government took direct command of india.

63
Q

what was the time period of direct British rule of India called

A

Raj

64
Q

how did the sepoy mutiny influence the relations between the British and the colonized people of india

A

the mutiny fueled the racist attitudes of the British and distrust between the 2 sides continued to grow

65
Q

who was Ram Mohun Roy

A

began a campaign to move nidia away from traditional practices and ideas

66
Q

what did Ram mohun roy advocate for and why

A

-end arragned child marriages
-eliminate the rigid caste system of the country
- he believed that if these practices were not changed, India would cpntinue to be controlled by outsiders (advocated adopting western ways)

67
Q

what was the indian caste system

A

a social stratification system of placing people in different occupational groups
1. brahmins - priest, academics
2. kshatriyas - warriors, kings
3. vaishyas - business community
4. kshudras - servants, subordinate to vaishyas, khastriyas, and brahmins
5. the dalit - untouchables, do all lower-work, subordinate to all

68
Q

what wer 2 nationalist groups that were formed in response to the indian caste system that made them 2nd class citizens where they were forbidden from holding high level jobs and were paid less than europeans

A
  • indian national congress
    -muslim league
69
Q

what land did the europeans divide up just like africa

A

SE asia

70
Q

theses lands form part of the pacific rim. what was the pacific rim?

A

countries that border the pacific ocean

71
Q

some of the lands the europeans claimed include

A

-dutch east india co. -indonesia
-britian- singapore, burma
-france- indochina
-germans- marshall islands, new guinea, soloman islands

72
Q

why SE asia?

A

the lands were perfect for plantation agriculture,focused on growing products that cannot be grown in Europe, such s sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapple

73
Q

what lands did the Dutch control

A

Sumatra, borneo, and others ultimately controlling the whole island chain of indonesia

74
Q

what were dutches major trade products

A

tin, rubbor, oil

75
Q

what were the dutches form of control

A

direct control

76
Q

how did the dutch maintain control of their islands

A

they created a rigid social structure with themselves at the top followed by educated Indonesians and at the bottom plantation workers

77
Q

why did the british take over singapore

A

to compete with the dutch, the british sought a trading base that would serve as a stop for their ships going for India to chinda. they found a large harbor on Singapore, an island on the tip of malay peninsula, and it became one of the worlds busiest ports

78
Q

major trade products that made singapore the busiest

A

tin and rubber

79
Q

what form of control did the british use

A

indirect control

80
Q

what lands did the british claim

A

colonies in malaysia and burma

81
Q

how did the malays become a minority in their own country

A

british needed workers to mine the tin and tap the rubber trees so they encouraged Chinese workers to immigrate to Malaysia. as a result of heavy migration, the malays became a minority in their own country

82
Q

what are the three countries that make up french indochina

A

laos, cambodia, and northern vietnam.

83
Q

how did the french control french indochina

A

direct colonial management

84
Q

why did resistence by the people increase in french indochina

A

the french did not encourage industry and most of their rice was exported and starvation followed

85
Q

siam was located between which colonies

A

located between the british and the french colonies

86
Q

how ere the siamese kings able to use their location to stay independent

A

they promoted siam as a neutral zone between the 2 powers

87
Q

which leader helped to keep siam independent and how

A

King Mongkut, by being able to modernize siam and making it more competitive with the europeans.

88
Q

what reforms were institued by the siamese government

A

started schools, reformed the legal system, recognized the government, built railroads

89
Q

since the changes came from the siamese government, what did the siames people escape

A

they escaped the social turmoil, racist treatment, and economic exploitation

90
Q

what territories di the us acquire as a result of winning the spanish/ American war

A

philippine islands, guam, and puerto rico

91
Q

why were the filipinos upset about the us gaining their territory

A

they did not want to trade one colonizer for another

92
Q

who was emilio aguinaldo

A

he began a fight for independence for the filipinos

93
Q

who won the filipino/ american war

A

the us

94
Q

although the us modernized the country in many ways, what did businesses encourage

A

they encouraged growing cash crops over food and this led to food shortages

95
Q

what was the problem that occurred after the united states prepared the filipinos for self rule

A

businesses encouraged growing cash crops over food which led to food shortages

96
Q

what crop became in important resource for the americans in hawaii

A

sugar cane and pineapple

97
Q

what form of imperialism did the americans use in hawaii

A

economic imperialism

98
Q

what led to prompt many businesses leaders to call for the annexation of hawaii

A

a change in tax laws

99
Q

who was queen liliuokalani

A

a new hawaiian leader

100
Q

what was queen liliuokalanis goal and what happened to her

A

to preven the annexation and unhappy with this, us business leaders forced her out of power

101
Q

who became the new president and annexed hawaii

A

sanford dole

industrial revolution (4 decks)

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