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industrial revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Agricultural Revolution

A

Landowners slowly started to improve farming methods which helped create the agricultural revolution

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2
Q

what are enclosures

A

a fenced or henged in field created by wealthy
British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers

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3
Q

wat were the results of enclosures

A

-led farmers to try new agriculture methods
-larg landowners forced smaller farmers to become tenant farmers or move to cities
-fewer farmworkers needed

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4
Q

who was Jethro Tull

A

invented seed drill

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5
Q

what was crop rotation

A

system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

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6
Q

who was Robert Bakewell

A

increased mutton (sheep) output and used selective breeding

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7
Q

what was the effect of the improvements of food and living conditions

A

overall population increased and as the population increased, more clothing was needed as well which led to an increase in textile production

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8
Q

industrialization definition

A

the development of industries for the machine production of goods

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9
Q

why was england the focal point of the industrial revolution

A

britain had plenty of resources, factors of production, and favorable economic conditions

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10
Q

what resources did britain have

A

water power- fueled machines
coal and iron ore- for machines
rivers- transportation of goods
harbors- merchants set sail

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11
Q

what were britains factors of production

A

land, labor, and capital

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12
Q

what were the economic conditions in britain that fueled the revolution there

A
  1. britains economy- people invested in new inventions
  2. britains political stability- no wars were fought on British land during this time
  3. parliament- passed laws to protect business ventures- made it easier to invest in business
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13
Q

what were textiles

A

(wool, cotton, linen) first industry to be transformed by industrialization

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14
Q

what was the flying shuttle by john kay

A

doubled output a weaver could do in a day

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15
Q

what was the spinning jenny

A

allowed one spinner to work 8 threads at a time

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16
Q

who invented the spinning jenny

A

james hargreaves

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17
Q

what was the water frame

A

water power to drive spinning wheels

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18
Q

what was the spinning mule

A

combined water frame and spinning jenny

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19
Q

what was the power loom

A

run by water, sped up weaving
these machines were bulky and expensive

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20
Q

what were factories

A

large buildings in which machinery is used to manufacture goods

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21
Q

what was the cotton gin

A

multiplied production of cotton

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22
Q

who invented the cotton gin

A

eli whitney

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23
Q

who was james watt

A

improved steam engine

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24
Q

steam

A

first form of steam-powered machines were used in coal mines, burned a lot of fuel- too expensive to run

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25
Q

who was mathew boulton

A

joined with james watt and became entrepreneurs

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26
Q

what is an entrepreneur

A

a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of business

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27
Q

who was robert fulton

A

created the steam boat called Clermont

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28
Q

what allowed transportation of raw and finished goods throughout a country

A

canals or human made waterways

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29
Q

who was john mcadam

A

created “mcadam” roads- large stones on bottom, crushed rock on the top- allowed for better drainage

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30
Q

what was a turnpike

A

roads built and operated for profit, travelers had to pay toll

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31
Q

who was george stephenson

A

created the world’s first railroad line

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32
Q

what was the rocket

A

won the competition, designed by stephenson and his son which hauled goods on the line, hauled 13 tons

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33
Q

what were 4 ways the locomotive effected england

A
  1. spurred industrial growth- by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods and materials
  2. created jobs- railroad workers and miners
  3. boosted englands agricultural and fishing industries- transport of goods
  4. easter to travel- encourages country people to take distant city jobs, lured city dwellers to country side
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34
Q

what is urbanization

A

the growth of building of cities and the migration of people to them

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35
Q

what caused urbanization

A

caused by industrialization and factories were built in clusters near sources of energy

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36
Q

what were the living conditions in the cities

A

-no sanitary plans
-unpaved streets, no drains with heaps of garbage
-workers lived in single room apartments with entire family
-sickness easily spread
-average lifespan for working class was 17 (38 in rural areas)
-cities also lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection

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37
Q

what were the working conditions

A

-average work day was 14 hours/day, 6 days/week, year round
-factories were seldom well lit (filled with dangerous machines)
-coal mines were generally worse (life span of a coal miner was 10 years less than other rural workers)
-many women and children were also taken advantage of as they were cheapest forms of labor for factory owners

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38
Q

what was the middle class

A

a social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and farmers

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39
Q

how did the middle class begin to transform the social structure of britain

A

as industrialization expanded, the middle class began to earn more money and some of the middle class grew wealthier than the landowners and aristocrats. they began to grow in size and to enjoy more of a comfortable standard of living for the first time

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40
Q

what was the upper middle class made up of

A

-government employees
-doctors
-lawyers
-managers of factories, mines, and shops

41
Q

what was the lower middle class made up of

A

-factory overseers
-skilled workers (toolmakers, mechanical drafters, printworkers)

42
Q

what was one problem the working class started to face

A

machines started to take away their jobs

43
Q

what were luddites

A

a group of workers who attacked factories in Northern England in 1811

44
Q

what were the luddites trying to do

A

destroy the machines and save their jobs

45
Q

how did men change from the industrial revolution

A

-millions of farmers became factory workers
-expected to be the breadwinner/head of the family

46
Q

how did women change from the industrial revolution

A

-middle class women were freed from chores because many could hire domestic help
-some began to attend college and become teachers or nurses
-others worked in factories or as cooks/maids/caregivers etc.
-many were criticized for working outside of the home

47
Q

how did families change from the industrial revolution

A

-most men worked outside the home, women inside
-middle class children engaged in new leisure activiites

48
Q

what were the positive effects of the industrial revolution

A

-created jobs
-helped economies
-fostered technological progress
-created educational opportunities
-provided luxuries that most people can get in industrialized nations
-profits produced tax revenue

49
Q

how did the mills of manchester show the best and worst of industrialization

A

made business owners wealthy but living and working conditions were poor for many

50
Q

what was the Factory Act 1819 in britain

A

restricted working age and hours of children however young children still did heavy, dangerous work in factories of manchester

51
Q

what were the effects of industrialization in working conditions

A

-industry created many jobs
-factories were dirty, unsafe, and dangerous
-factory bosses exerted harsh discipline
- long term effect- workers eventually won shorter hours and better working conditions

52
Q

what were the effects of industrialization in social classes

A

-social workers overworked and underpaid
-overseers/skilled workers - lower middle class
-factory owners/merchants- upper middle class
-upper class resented those who used industry to become wealthy
-long term effect- standard of living generally rose for most people

53
Q

what were the effects of industrialization in the size of cities

A

-factories brought job seekers to cities
-urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size
-long term effect - suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

54
Q

what were the effects of industrialization in living conditions

A

-many cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls
-housing, water, and social services were scarce
-epidemics swept through the cities
-long term effect- housing, diet, and clothing improved

55
Q

why did britain attempt to keep the industrial revolution to itself

A

they did not want the rest of the world to know their industrialization secrets

56
Q

why was it not effective

A

that did not stop people from sneaking the secrets of industrialization to continental Europe and beyond

57
Q

what factors allowed the industrial revolution to begin in the united states

A

the united states possessed the same resources as Britain that allowed them to industrialize and in Britain industrialization began in textiles particularly in NE US

58
Q

how did the war of 1812 force the united states to industrialize

A

british blockades forced the united states to own resources to develop independent industries

59
Q

who was samuel slater

A

british mill worker who immigrated to the united states and created a spinning machine based on memory. he also hired families, not just men and divided the work into simpler tasks

60
Q

who was moses brown

A

built the first factory in the united states to house these machines

61
Q

who was francis cabot lowell

A

mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth

62
Q

what were mill girls

A

young women in the united states who flocked from rural areas to factory towns to make higher wages

63
Q

what were the positives of a mill girl

A

-12 hours, 6 days, but were paid decent wages
-alternative to being a servant or only job available

64
Q

what were the negatives of a mill girl

A

-to ensure proper behavior they were watched closely

65
Q

how did mass production and interchangeable parts change the industry in the US

A

made production and repair of factory-made goods quicker and more efficient

66
Q

how did the assembly line change the industry in the US

A

product moves from worker to worker, changed the way people worked in factories

67
Q

how did division of labor and specialization change the industry in the US

A

allowed workers to learn a specific job and do it well, helped ensure quality and speed of production

68
Q

how did economic independence change the industry in the US

A

demonstrated that people did not have to make everything they need

69
Q

after what war did the pace of industrialization in the US begin to rapidly increase

A

civil war

70
Q

what factors caused the industrial boom

A

-extensive natural resources
-new inventions
-swelling urban population
-railroads- caused cities to expand

71
Q

what is a corporation

A

business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

72
Q

what are stocks

A

certain rights of ownership of a company
-corporations can sell stocks to raise amounts of capital needed to invest in their business

73
Q

who was john d rockefeller

A

standard oil company

74
Q

who was andrew carnegle

A

carnelge steel company

75
Q

what did both of the corporations want

A

they sought to control all aspects of their industry to make big profits (monopoly)

76
Q

the industrialization revolutionized aspects of society and led to a dramatic rise in what

A

-population
-better health
-more wealth
-growth of the middle class
-education

77
Q

what were the global impacts of industrialization

A

-although britain had a head start, many european nations (France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Spain, etc.) industrialized in some form soon after
-it led to increased competition for wealth and resources between industrialized nations and more poverty in less developed nations
-these industrialized nations began to seize overseas colonies and exploit them

78
Q

what is imperialism

A

the policy of extending one countrys rule over foreign lands

79
Q

problems with the industrial revolution

A

-a wide gap between the rich and the poor began to open
-business leaders felt that governments should stay out of business and economic affairs
-refomrers, however, felt governments should play an active role to improve conditions for the poor

80
Q

what is laissez-faire

A

“hands off” economy, this policy says owners of industry and business should set working conditions without government interference

81
Q

who was adam smith

A

defended the idea of capitalism and a free economy with his book - the wealth of nations. he opposed government intervention to help poor workers

82
Q

what were adam smiths 3 natural laws of economics

A
  1. law of self interest
  2. law of competition
  3. law of supply and demand
83
Q

what was capitalsm

A

factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

84
Q

what is utilitarianism

A

proposed by jeremy bentham that says people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their utility (usefulness)

85
Q

what are utopian societies

A

society designed to be the perfect living space
in 1825 New Harmony in Indiana lasted for 3 years

86
Q

what is socialism

A

the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of the people

87
Q

Who was karl marx

A

founder of marxsm and wrote the manifesto society. he believed that the workers and their labor was more valuable and predicted that the workers (prolestariat) would eventually overthrow their employers (bourgeoisie)

88
Q

what was marxsm

A

a branch of socialism

89
Q

what is the manifesto society

A

is put into two classes
-bourgeoisie- the middle class “haves” or employer
-proletariat- “have nots” or workers

90
Q

what is communism

A

all means of production- land, mines, factories, railroads, and business are owned by the people

91
Q

what is capitalism

A

-individuals own property and the means of production
-progress results when individuals follow their own self interests
-businesses follow their own self interest by competing for consumers money by producing the best product possible
consumers compete to buy goods at the lowest prices
-government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency

92
Q

what is socialism

A

-the community or the state should own property and the means of production
-says a better system needs developed as capitalism creates an unequal distribution of wealth
-progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all
-an unequal distribution of wealth is unfair and a better system is needed

93
Q

what are unions

A

a group of workers who voluntarily join together to bargain for better working conditions and higher pay

94
Q

what is a strike

A

a refusal to work
-skilled workers led the way in forming unions because their special skills gabe them extra bargaining power

95
Q

what cause the factory act of 1833 and the ten hours act of 1847 to be passed

A

unions and reformers forced political leaders to looked into the abuses caused by industrialization

96
Q

how did reform movements help slavery in the US

A

finally ended and its abolition eventually spread to other nations as well

97
Q

who was william wilberforce

A

helped abolish slavery in the british empire

98
Q

why did a womens movement begin around this time for equal pay

A

-factory jobs often paid more than work at home but pay was almost always less than men
-women began to fight for reforms that gave them equal rights

99
Q

who was horace mann

A

prominent US reformer, helped establish the public education system in the US

industrial revolution (4 decks)

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