industrial revolution Flashcards
1
Q
What was the Agricultural Revolution
A
Landowners slowly started to improve farming methods which helped create the agricultural revolution
2
Q
what are enclosures
A
a fenced or henged in field created by wealthy
British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers
3
Q
wat were the results of enclosures
A
-led farmers to try new agriculture methods
-larg landowners forced smaller farmers to become tenant farmers or move to cities
-fewer farmworkers needed
4
Q
who was Jethro Tull
A
invented seed drill
5
Q
what was crop rotation
A
system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land
6
Q
who was Robert Bakewell
A
increased mutton (sheep) output and used selective breeding
7
Q
what was the effect of the improvements of food and living conditions
A
overall population increased and as the population increased, more clothing was needed as well which led to an increase in textile production
8
Q
industrialization definition
A
the development of industries for the machine production of goods
9
Q
why was england the focal point of the industrial revolution
A
britain had plenty of resources, factors of production, and favorable economic conditions
10
Q
what resources did britain have
A
water power- fueled machines
coal and iron ore- for machines
rivers- transportation of goods
harbors- merchants set sail
11
Q
what were britains factors of production
A
land, labor, and capital
12
Q
what were the economic conditions in britain that fueled the revolution there
A
- britains economy- people invested in new inventions
- britains political stability- no wars were fought on British land during this time
- parliament- passed laws to protect business ventures- made it easier to invest in business
13
Q
what were textiles
A
(wool, cotton, linen) first industry to be transformed by industrialization
14
Q
what was the flying shuttle by john kay
A
doubled output a weaver could do in a day
15
Q
what was the spinning jenny
A
allowed one spinner to work 8 threads at a time
16
Q
who invented the spinning jenny
A
james hargreaves
17
Q
what was the water frame
A
water power to drive spinning wheels
18
Q
what was the spinning mule
A
combined water frame and spinning jenny
19
Q
what was the power loom
A
run by water, sped up weaving
these machines were bulky and expensive
20
Q
what were factories
A
large buildings in which machinery is used to manufacture goods
21
Q
what was the cotton gin
A
multiplied production of cotton
22
Q
who invented the cotton gin
A
eli whitney
23
Q
who was james watt
A
improved steam engine
24
Q
steam
A
first form of steam-powered machines were used in coal mines, burned a lot of fuel- too expensive to run
25
who was mathew boulton
joined with james watt and became entrepreneurs
26
what is an entrepreneur
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of business
27
who was robert fulton
created the steam boat called Clermont
28
what allowed transportation of raw and finished goods throughout a country
canals or human made waterways
29
who was john mcadam
created "mcadam" roads- large stones on bottom, crushed rock on the top- allowed for better drainage
30
what was a turnpike
roads built and operated for profit, travelers had to pay toll
31
who was george stephenson
created the world's first railroad line
32
what was the rocket
won the competition, designed by stephenson and his son which hauled goods on the line, hauled 13 tons
33
what were 4 ways the locomotive effected england
1. spurred industrial growth- by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods and materials
2. created jobs- railroad workers and miners
3. boosted englands agricultural and fishing industries- transport of goods
4. easter to travel- encourages country people to take distant city jobs, lured city dwellers to country side
34
what is urbanization
the growth of building of cities and the migration of people to them
35
what caused urbanization
caused by industrialization and factories were built in clusters near sources of energy
36
what were the living conditions in the cities
-no sanitary plans
-unpaved streets, no drains with heaps of garbage
-workers lived in single room apartments with entire family
-sickness easily spread
-average lifespan for working class was 17 (38 in rural areas)
-cities also lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection
37
what were the working conditions
-average work day was 14 hours/day, 6 days/week, year round
-factories were seldom well lit (filled with dangerous machines)
-coal mines were generally worse (life span of a coal miner was 10 years less than other rural workers)
-many women and children were also taken advantage of as they were cheapest forms of labor for factory owners
38
what was the middle class
a social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and farmers
39
how did the middle class begin to transform the social structure of britain
as industrialization expanded, the middle class began to earn more money and some of the middle class grew wealthier than the landowners and aristocrats. they began to grow in size and to enjoy more of a comfortable standard of living for the first time
40
what was the upper middle class made up of
-government employees
-doctors
-lawyers
-managers of factories, mines, and shops
41
what was the lower middle class made up of
-factory overseers
-skilled workers (toolmakers, mechanical drafters, printworkers)
42
what was one problem the working class started to face
machines started to take away their jobs
43
what were luddites
a group of workers who attacked factories in Northern England in 1811
44
what were the luddites trying to do
destroy the machines and save their jobs
45
how did men change from the industrial revolution
-millions of farmers became factory workers
-expected to be the breadwinner/head of the family
46
how did women change from the industrial revolution
-middle class women were freed from chores because many could hire domestic help
-some began to attend college and become teachers or nurses
-others worked in factories or as cooks/maids/caregivers etc.
-many were criticized for working outside of the home
47
how did families change from the industrial revolution
-most men worked outside the home, women inside
-middle class children engaged in new leisure activiites
48
what were the positive effects of the industrial revolution
-created jobs
-helped economies
-fostered technological progress
-created educational opportunities
-provided luxuries that most people can get in industrialized nations
-profits produced tax revenue
49
how did the mills of manchester show the best and worst of industrialization
made business owners wealthy but living and working conditions were poor for many
50
what was the Factory Act 1819 in britain
restricted working age and hours of children however young children still did heavy, dangerous work in factories of manchester
51
what were the effects of industrialization in working conditions
-industry created many jobs
-factories were dirty, unsafe, and dangerous
-factory bosses exerted harsh discipline
- long term effect- workers eventually won shorter hours and better working conditions
52
what were the effects of industrialization in social classes
-social workers overworked and underpaid
-overseers/skilled workers - lower middle class
-factory owners/merchants- upper middle class
-upper class resented those who used industry to become wealthy
-long term effect- standard of living generally rose for most people
53
what were the effects of industrialization in the size of cities
-factories brought job seekers to cities
-urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size
-long term effect - suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities
54
what were the effects of industrialization in living conditions
-many cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls
-housing, water, and social services were scarce
-epidemics swept through the cities
-long term effect- housing, diet, and clothing improved
55
why did britain attempt to keep the industrial revolution to itself
they did not want the rest of the world to know their industrialization secrets
56
why was it not effective
that did not stop people from sneaking the secrets of industrialization to continental Europe and beyond
57
what factors allowed the industrial revolution to begin in the united states
the united states possessed the same resources as Britain that allowed them to industrialize and in Britain industrialization began in textiles particularly in NE US
58
how did the war of 1812 force the united states to industrialize
british blockades forced the united states to own resources to develop independent industries
59
who was samuel slater
british mill worker who immigrated to the united states and created a spinning machine based on memory. he also hired families, not just men and divided the work into simpler tasks
60
who was moses brown
built the first factory in the united states to house these machines
61
who was francis cabot lowell
mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth
62
what were mill girls
young women in the united states who flocked from rural areas to factory towns to make higher wages
63
what were the positives of a mill girl
-12 hours, 6 days, but were paid decent wages
-alternative to being a servant or only job available
64
what were the negatives of a mill girl
-to ensure proper behavior they were watched closely
65
how did mass production and interchangeable parts change the industry in the US
made production and repair of factory-made goods quicker and more efficient
66
how did the assembly line change the industry in the US
product moves from worker to worker, changed the way people worked in factories
67
how did division of labor and specialization change the industry in the US
allowed workers to learn a specific job and do it well, helped ensure quality and speed of production
68
how did economic independence change the industry in the US
demonstrated that people did not have to make everything they need
69
after what war did the pace of industrialization in the US begin to rapidly increase
civil war
70
what factors caused the industrial boom
-extensive natural resources
-new inventions
-swelling urban population
-railroads- caused cities to expand
71
what is a corporation
business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
72
what are stocks
certain rights of ownership of a company
-corporations can sell stocks to raise amounts of capital needed to invest in their business
73
who was john d rockefeller
standard oil company
74
who was andrew carnegle
carnelge steel company
75
what did both of the corporations want
they sought to control all aspects of their industry to make big profits (monopoly)
76
the industrialization revolutionized aspects of society and led to a dramatic rise in what
-population
-better health
-more wealth
-growth of the middle class
-education
77
what were the global impacts of industrialization
-although britain had a head start, many european nations (France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Spain, etc.) industrialized in some form soon after
-it led to increased competition for wealth and resources between industrialized nations and more poverty in less developed nations
-these industrialized nations began to seize overseas colonies and exploit them
78
what is imperialism
the policy of extending one countrys rule over foreign lands
79
problems with the industrial revolution
-a wide gap between the rich and the poor began to open
-business leaders felt that governments should stay out of business and economic affairs
-refomrers, however, felt governments should play an active role to improve conditions for the poor
80
what is laissez-faire
"hands off" economy, this policy says owners of industry and business should set working conditions without government interference
81
who was adam smith
defended the idea of capitalism and a free economy with his book - the wealth of nations. he opposed government intervention to help poor workers
82
what were adam smiths 3 natural laws of economics
1. law of self interest
2. law of competition
3. law of supply and demand
83
what was capitalsm
factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
84
what is utilitarianism
proposed by jeremy bentham that says people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their utility (usefulness)
85
what are utopian societies
society designed to be the perfect living space
in 1825 New Harmony in Indiana lasted for 3 years
86
what is socialism
the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of the people
87
Who was karl marx
founder of marxsm and wrote the manifesto society. he believed that the workers and their labor was more valuable and predicted that the workers (prolestariat) would eventually overthrow their employers (bourgeoisie)
88
what was marxsm
a branch of socialism
89
what is the manifesto society
is put into two classes
-bourgeoisie- the middle class "haves" or employer
-proletariat- "have nots" or workers
90
what is communism
all means of production- land, mines, factories, railroads, and business are owned by the people
91
what is capitalism
-individuals own property and the means of production
-progress results when individuals follow their own self interests
-businesses follow their own self interest by competing for consumers money by producing the best product possible
consumers compete to buy goods at the lowest prices
-government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency
92
what is socialism
-the community or the state should own property and the means of production
-says a better system needs developed as capitalism creates an unequal distribution of wealth
-progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all
-an unequal distribution of wealth is unfair and a better system is needed
93
what are unions
a group of workers who voluntarily join together to bargain for better working conditions and higher pay
94
what is a strike
a refusal to work
-skilled workers led the way in forming unions because their special skills gabe them extra bargaining power
95
what cause the factory act of 1833 and the ten hours act of 1847 to be passed
unions and reformers forced political leaders to looked into the abuses caused by industrialization
96
how did reform movements help slavery in the US
finally ended and its abolition eventually spread to other nations as well
97
who was william wilberforce
helped abolish slavery in the british empire
98
why did a womens movement begin around this time for equal pay
-factory jobs often paid more than work at home but pay was almost always less than men
-women began to fight for reforms that gave them equal rights
99
who was horace mann
prominent US reformer, helped establish the public education system in the US
