transformations around the globe Flashcards
which dynasty controlled china from 1644-1912
Qing Dynasty
why was china self sufficient
- healthy agriculture
- extensive mining and manufacturing industries
- produced beautiful silks, high quality cotton and fine porcelain
why did china have little interest with trading with the west
they were very self sufficient and didn’t need trade ports
china had one port open, what was it
Guangzhou
what did the europeans need to get china to trade with them
europeans needed a product that the chinese wanted to buy in large quantities
what did britian sell and smuggle into china
opium
an ambassador from which nation brought gifts to the Chinese court in search of a trading relationship
britian brought items of western technology, however the Chinese were not interested in the “strange objects” of the west
how did china try to stop the British from trading opium with them
the Qing emperor wrote a eltter to the queen asking britain to stop the opium trade
did britain accept chinas request and what war did this lead to
britian refused to stop the opium trade and this lead to the first opium war
what type of battle was the opium war
navy battle
who won the opium war
britain
what was a main reason china lost the opium war
the chinese navy was extremely outdated and much weaker
what treaty was signed and ended the opium war
the Treaty of Nanjing
what were the british given due to their victory in the opium war
- hong kong
- extraterritorial rights
- soon more ports were opened and other nations were given extraterritorial rights as well
what are extraterritorial rights
an exemption of foreign residents from the laws of the country. foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws at Quangzhou and other ports
what continued to be a problem in china after losing the opium wars
a weak government, famine due to the increase in population to 430 million, and drug addiction. as these problems increased Chinese people began to rebel against the Qing dynasty
how did the Taiping rebellion start
problems in china started to increase and people grew unhappy with the ways of the Qing dynasty
who was Hong Xiuquan
a new chinese religious leader who was upset with the Qing dynasty leadership and began to recruit followers to overthrow the government and build what he called a “heavenly kingdom of great peace”
what was the “heavenly kingdom of great peace”
in this kingdom all chinese people would share wealth and no one would live in poverty
what did Hong Xiuquan put together and establish
he established a peasant army that numbered in the hundreds of thousands
why did the rebellion start to weaken
hong grew tired of the conflict and withdrew and left family and friends in charge. these leaders feuded amongst themselves and weakened the rebellion
how was the rebellion put down
British, french, and Qing troops eventually put down the rebellion. 20 - 40 million died
(put down by the Chinese government with foreign help)
what happened after the taiping rebellion failed to repel growing foreign influence
a self-strengthening movement developed to repel growing foreign influence
where the results of the self strengthening movement successful or unsuccessful
the results were mixed because many of the reforms failed to strengthen china to the level of other world powers
what reforms were made from the self strengthening movement
it introduced western methods to improve educational, diplomatic, and military policy. also led to the manufacture of more steam-powered gunboats, rifles, and ammunition
who was the self strengthening movement led by
dowager empress cixi
what sort of imperial control were multiple foreign nations able to take over china in the late 1800s
spheres of influence
what was the open door policy
issued in 1899, declared by the us, it said that china would be open to merchants of all nations.
why did the us declare the open door policy
it protected us trading rights and kept china free from colonization, but still at the mercy of foreign powers
what china emperor introduced hundred day reforms to modernize china
Guangxu
what did Guangxu want to do
wanted to reorganize the government, strengthen education systems and economy, and modernize the military
why was Guangxu forced out of power
Quing officials saw his reforms as a threat to power
who was Guangxu replaced by
dowager empress cixi
what was the society of righteous and harmonious fists
a secret group formed by those who resented the presence of foreigners and were also called the boxers
what did the boxers resent
-special privelages granted to foreigners
-chinese christians
what did the boxers consist mostly of
poor peasants and workers
what happened in the month of august
the rebellion spread and the boxers began to attack and kill all foreigners.
by sept. what did the boxers do
a group of boxers surrounded the european section of beijing
how was the boxer rebellion put down
19,000 multinational troops arrived in beijing and put down the rebellion
did china support the rebellion
the chinese government supported the rebellion but did nothing to help
After the boxer rebellion, what did empress cixi do
sent officials ot japan, the us, and britian to study their governments
what was suggested that empress cixi do to modernize china
change its government to a constitutional monarchy similar to japans. cixi refused however reforms were started but china would face internal conflict for the next 45 years
in the 17th century japan virtually shut itself off from the industrial world for almost 200 years under the rule of who
Tokugawa Shoguns
Westeners tried to convince the japenese to what
open their ports for trade
who sailed to Tokyo Harbor with 4 ships and a letter asking for trade to be permitted
US Commodore Mathew Perry
what US president send mathew perry to open trade with japan and wrote the letter
Millard Filmore
why did the japanese agree
- the power of the ships and weapons shocked the japenese
-perry said that he would be back in a year with a larger fleet to get their answer - japenese realized they had no choice but to accent the visitors
what was the treaty of Kanagawa
Japan would open two ports for US ships and other western powers soon followed and were given extraterritorial rights
When this angered many of the Japanese people, they turned to who as a symbol of what
the japenese turned to the young emperor Mutsuhito, a symbol of Japanese pride and nationalism
during whos reign was known as the Meiji era (enlightened era)
Japanese emperor Mutsuhito
How does mutsuhito modernize japan
he considered modernization to be necessary to avoid colonization
- he borrowed and adopted western ways
-instituted a strong centralized western style of government (copied form Germany)
-adopted public education (copied form US)
-modernized its military and economic power (copied from britain/ germany)
-began to industrialize
by the early 20th century japan was as modern as any country in the world
how did japan become the strongest military power in asia
they had several dozen warships and 500,000 well trained and armed troops
how did japans power grow
foreign extraterritorial rights were elminated and nationalistic feelings played a large role in japans imperialistic actions
the sino-japenese war was a war between which two nations
china and japan
what land did china and japan fight over
korea
what was the treaty that both china and japan signed
to keep both of their militaries out of korea
what started the war and broke the treaty
the chinese sent troops into korea to assist the Korean king which broke the rules of the treaty. so japan shortly sent its own troops in after
who won the sino-japanese war
japan, they drove the chinese out of Korea and their navy was destroyed
what did japan get after winning the sino-japanese war
they gained the colony of taiwan and foothold in manchuria
the russo-japanese war was a war between which two nations
Russia and japan
by the 20th century, which two countries emerged as the major powers/enemies in east asia
russia and japan
what issue caused russia and japan to go to war in 1904
they were both interested in korea and manchuria
how did japan win the russo-japanese war
they launched a surprise attack on the Russian ships and they drove the russians out of Korea and captured most of the Russian fleet
what treaty forced russia to stay out of Korea and manchuria
Treaty of Portsmouth, a peace treaty (assisted by T. Roosevelt)
After defeating russia, how did japan capture korea
japan attacked korea and made it a protectorate in 1905. by 1910 the Korean king gave up control, the Korean army was disbanded and japan annexed the country
how were the japenese harsh rulers
- shut down newspapers
-took over korean schools, forced the koreans to study Japanese language and history - gave Korean land to Japanese settlers
-koreans forbidden form going into business
-these actions were basically ignored from the rest of the world
