world history 1 :C

Question 1

no single founder
no single sacred text.
formed from the common beliefs of diverse people living in the region of South Asia.

Answer 1

Hinduism

Question 2

Vishnu

Answer 2

the preserver

Question 3

Shiva

Answer 3

the destroyer

Question 4

Shakti

Answer 4

the goddess - ruthless against evil

Question 5

Bhagavad-Gita

Answer 5

A literary work that has wonderful references to Hindu beliefs.

Question 6

atman

Answer 6

in Hindu belief, a person’s essential self. Identity

Question 7

moksha

Answer 7

in Hindu belief, the ultimate goal of existence, – to achieve union with Brahman (enlightenment)

Question 8

reincarnation

Answer 8

in Hindu belief, the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form

Question 9

karma

Answer 9

in Hindu belief, all the actions that determine a person’s fate in the next life.

Question 10

darma

Answer 10

the religious and moral duties of an individual such as truthfulness & living in moderation. Dharma will also vary according to one’s role in society, gender, and age.

Question 11

ahimsa

Answer 11

Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life

Question 12

Jainism

Answer 12

Rejected the control of Brahmin priests over the rituals of Hinduism

Question 13

In what ways might the caste system create social or economic inequality?

Answer 13

Different castes had a different ranking in society. Individuals could not move up in caste. A mixed marriage would result in children being considered members of the lower caste.

Question 14

The Buddha’s Key Teachings

Answer 14

Who was Siddhartha Gautama? Also known as the Buddha. Siddhartha Gautama was an Indian prince who gave up all of his possessions and privilege in order to seek self knowledge. Through this self-sacrifice and through his teachings, his followers feel that he attained enlightenment.

Question 15

Enlightenment

Answer 15

According to Buddhist beliefs, what was Siddhartha Gautama doing when he achieved enlightenment? Meditating under the bodhi tree. (for 49 consecutive days) (Remember: Moksha = Enlightenment)

Question 16

In a nutshell: What are the 4 Noble Truths?

Answer 16

The truth of suffering: - life is suffering - it is a common state for all life.
The truth of the cause of suffering. Attachments - desire - wanting - greed - covetousness.
The truth of the end of suffering. - Suffering can be brought to an end. The truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering - The Eightfold Path

Question 17

what is the Eightfold Path

Answer 17

The idea is to practice mindfulness in how a person speaks, acts, works, and interacts with others. The 8 concepts include both actions and attitudes and thoughts. For example: Right thinking, Right speech, Right work, Right action.

Question 18

Who founded the Mauryan Empire, & what outsider influenced this?

Answer 18

Chandragupta Maurya, who reigned from about 321 b.c. to 297 b.c. , was the first Mauryan emperor.

Question 19

As a ruler, what did Chandragupta do in the face of dissent?

Answer 19

A brutal secret police force reported on corruption, crime, and dissent—ideas that opposed those of the government.

Fearful of his many enemies, Chandragupta had specially trained women warriors guard his palace.

Servants tasted his food to protect him from poisoning.

Secret passages in the palace let him move about, unseen.

Question 20

What motivated Ashoka’s expansion?

Answer 20

Chandragupta’s grandson, Asoka (uh soh kuh). Considered The most honored Mauryan emperor.
A few years after becoming emperor in 268 b.c.e., Asoka fought a long, bloody war to conquer the Deccan region of Kalinga.

Question 21

Why was the Kalinga War a turning point for Asoka

Answer 21

horrified at the slaughter—more than 100,000 people are said to have died—Asoka turned his back on further conquests.

He converted to Buddhism, rejected violence, and resolved to rule by moral example.

Question 22

missionaries

Answer 22

Asoka sent missionaries, or people sent on a religious mission, to spread Buddhism across India and to Sri Lanka.
By doing so, Asoka paved the way for the spread of Buddhism throughout Asia.
Although Asoka promoted Buddhism, he also preached tolerance for other religions.

Question 23

stone pillars

Answer 23

Asoka had stone pillars set up across India, announcing laws and promising a just government.

Question 24

Challenges to the unity of the Mauryan Empire?

Answer 24

After Asoka’s death, Maurya power declined. By 185 b.c.e., rival princes again battled for power across the northern plain.

Question 25

Ways the leaders tried to promote unity in the Mauryan Empire?

Answer 25

To promote unity: Maurya rulers used a well-organized government.
Emperor’s advisors: (a council of advisors whose work helped to keep the government effective & focused on things that needed to be addressed)
Emperor’s power: (a secret service and a large army that could impose the Emperor’s will & resist foreign incursions) 65,000 soldiers, 9,000 war elephants
Emperor’s administration: A bureaucracy that focused the efforts of day to day governing within each of the four main provinces of India. This worked well for the Mauryan Empire for almost 150 years.

Question 26

What geographic barriers set China apart from other lands?

Answer 26

Mountains: North & West & Southwest & central:
Deserts:North & West:
Jungles: The Southern Border to the region around Vietnam, Laos, Thailand & Myanmar.
Sea: East & Southeast: South China Sea, Yellow Sea, China Sea (Pacific Ocean)

Question 27

loess

Answer 27

Fine windblown yellow soil that gave the Yellow River (Huang He) it’s name

Question 28

Shang Dynasty

Answer 28

China’s first dynasty - about 3800 years ago. (identified through archaeological evidence).

Question 29

clans

Answer 29

While the Shang controlled a small amount of land, they had the loyalty of local princes who were most likely the leaders of powerful local clans. Clans are kinship groups who identify with a common ancestor and are in many ways the basis of Chinese social organization

Question 30

Roles of …
Nobles:

Answer 30

Nobles lived well in stone or wood houses, they owned land. They were warriors. They used bronze weapons & used horse drawn chariots.

Question 31

Artisans & Merchants:

Answer 31

Artisans & merchants produced goods (bronze, silk, jade) organized trade. They played a critical role in the economy & production of goods.

Question 32

Peasants:

Answer 32

The vast majority of people were peasants who worked in agriculture. (planting, harvesting & maintaining the dykes. They lived in dug out thatched roof homes. They fought along with their lords at times of war.

Question 33

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 33

The belief that, when the rulers have become weak or corrupt, it will lose the support of heaven and lose power. (The group that overthrew the Shang used this to justify their rebellion.)

Question 34

dynastic cycle

Answer 34

The idea that all dynasties have a life cycle. They rise and they fall - when they lose the mandate of heaven, they fall.

Question 35

feudalism

Answer 35

A social organization where local lords rule their own lands but owe military service to the ruler. Powerful local lords with a lot of land will have lesser lords on their lands that owe loyalty to them. (Simply put: military service in exchange for control of land)

Question 36

Shang Di:

Answer 36

The highest god during the Shang dynasty, seen as a supreme being and venerated in traditional Chinese belief. The Shang king was seen as the most direct link to this god. The king was needed in order to make the prayers to reach this god.

Question 37

ancestor worship

Answer 37

And, this extended over the generations. The descendants of the king - the kings in future generations, would need to send prayers to their ancestors who could connect the future generations with Shang Di. As such, the importance of each generation in maintaining this link was critical.

Question 38

Confucius

Answer 38

Confucius was born in 551 B. C. E. The name Confucius is the Western form of the name Kong Fuzi, or Master Kong.
According to tradition, he belonged to a noble but poor family. A brilliant scholar, he hoped to become an adviser to a local ruler.
As his reputation for wisdom grew, he attracted many students.

Question 39

yin and yang

Answer 39

Confucianism also introduced a long-lasting Chinese belief that the universe reflected a delicate balance between two forces, yin and yang.
Yin was linked to Earth, darkness, and female forces,
Yang stood for heaven, light, and male forces. To the Chinese.
the well-being of the universe depended on harmony between yin and yang.
People could play a role in maintaining this harmony. For example, the king had to make the proper sacrifices to heaven, while at the same time taking practical steps to rule well.

Question 40

Daoism

Answer 40

Unlike Confucianism, Daoism was not concerned with bringing order to human affairs.
Instead, Daoists sought to live in harmony with nature.

Question 41

Lao-zi

Answer 41

The founder of Daoism was a mysterious figure known as Laozi (low dzee), or “Old Master.”
He is said to have “lived without leaving any traces” at the time of Confucius.
credited with writing the The Way of Virtue, a book that had enormous influence on Chinese life.

Question 42

the way

Answer 42

the Dao, = “the way” of the universe.
the Dao, = hard to understand fully or put into words.
“Those who know the Dao do not speak of it,” said Laozi . “Those who speak of it do not know it.”
Daoists often gave such seemingly puzzling answers to show the conflict between human desires and the simple ways of nature.

Question 43

yielding

Answer 43

Daoists rejected the world of conflict and strife. Instead, they emphasized the virtue of yielding.
Water, they pointed out, does not resist, but rather yields to outside pressure—yet it is an unstoppable force. In the same way
Daoists might give way in a conflict, only to return again, like water, to their natural course.

Question 44

alchemy

Answer 44

Daoist priests searched for a substance to bring immortality, or everlasting life. They experimented with alchemy (AHL kuh mee), trying to transform ordinary metals into gold.