World Englishes Flashcards
What are the three aspects of Kachru’s circles of English?
Inner circle- Native speakers
Outer circle- L2 Speakers
Expanding circle- English as a foreign language- Only used for practical purposes
Criticisms of Kachrus circle?
- Preceeds the rise of the internet
- Doesn’t address diversity of Englishes
- Doesn’t address proficiency of English usage
- Inner and outer circles suggest an implicit preference
What is Mcarthurs global English Circles?
- Idealised central ‘World Standard English’ (Closest is international written English)
- Next circle = Standardised regional languages
- Outer circle= Regional languages split into dialects
What are the criticisms of McArthurs global English circles?
- Three different types of English (L1,L2 and EFL) in the second circle so no distinction
- Lots of the European Englishes missing
- Includes Pidgins and Creoles as distinct group despite most of them involving overlaps in dalect
What is English as a Lingua Franca?
Language used between Speakers which have no other common language
What did Jennifer Jenkins state about English as a Lingua Franca?
- ELF may include local varieties of English features not just ELF
- ELF uses linguistic accommodations and code switching
What are some examples of ELF?
- Dropping third person present simple ‘s’ e.g. He teaches to He teach
- Interchangability of relative pronouns ‘who’ and ‘which’
- Use of tag questions
What was Schneiders dynamic model?
- More modern outlook as considers post colonisation and features beyond geographical location
What does David Crystal state about English as a Lingua Franca?
That English’s growth has become so great it is unlikely to be taken over by any other lingua Franca
What did Ostler state as English as a lingua Franca?
That English will be the last Lingua Franca
What did Saraceni state about the use of English as a lingua Franca?
That ENglihs needs to accept that we’ve lost control of the English language it is no longer just one language
