world english

Question 1

what does world englishes refer to?

Answer 1

the variety of english that have arisen due to colonial past
indian english etc

Question 2

what is international english?

Answer 2

english is used in an international context of all kinds

Question 3

what is an elf?

Answer 3

english and a lingua franca

a language used that is not their first language

Question 4

why are elf useful?

Answer 4

tool for communication

removes barriers

Question 5

what is FL?

Answer 5

first language 400 million

Question 6

what is SL

Answer 6

second language 400 million

Question 7

what os EFL?

Answer 7

english as a foreign language

Question 8

what does dispora mean?

Answer 8

dispersal of a large group of people

Question 9

what is a pidgin?

Answer 9

contact language made of different parts of other languages

Question 10

what is a creole?

Answer 10

more developed pidgin, has its own grammatical rules, becomes a creole when children use it as their first language

Question 11

what does acrolect refer to?

Answer 11

standard of a creole

Question 12

what is basilect?

Answer 12

non standard level of a creole

Question 13

what did kachru do?

Answer 13

created the circles of world english model

Question 14

how many circles are in kachrus model?

Answer 14

3

• inner circle
• outer circle
• expanding circle

Question 15

what is the inner circle (kachru)

Answer 15

traditional bases in which english is primary language

uk us canada

Question 16

what is the outer circle?

kachrus

Answer 16

earlier phases in the spread of english
english plays an important part in second language
used exo and endonormative

Question 17

what is the expanding circle?

kachru

Answer 17

countries that recognise the international use of english but it may still be considered a foreign language
exonormatve use rather than used inside

Question 18

why is there cristisms to kachrus model?

Answer 18

it simplifies the spread of english
usa is seeing a rise in the people who use spanish as a first and second language
are they in the inner circle?

Question 19

what did schnieder do?

Answer 19

made the dynamic model

explains the spread of english

Question 20

what are the stages in schneider model?

Answer 20

foundation (introduced)
exonormative stabilisation (language spreads through politically dominant countries)
nativism (speakers form a new variety of english)
endonormative stabilisation (a new form of english is formed - after independence) indian english 
differentiation (group specific varieties emerge - accent, vowel sounds)

Question 21

what did mcarthur do?

Answer 21

created the circle of world english

Question 22

what were mcarthurs ideas?

Answer 22

english caries between native countries

second language speaker are increasing in native countries due to immigration

Question 23

how many countries is it mandatory to learn english in?

Answer 23

14

Question 24

what is key differece in english speakers?

Answer 24

phonology

the accent that they have

Question 25

what is a common theme in Jamaican english phonology?

Answer 25

they emit ‘th’

dis ting

Question 26

what is a common theme in indian english phonology?

Answer 26

use distinct constants called retroflex
=curling of the tongue on the roof of the mouth
‘t’ sounds like ‘d;

Question 27

what are the tw patterns in phonology?

Answer 27

stress timed

syllable based

Question 28

what is syllable based phonology?

Answer 28

intonation is spread across syllables evenly
nigeria no difference between seat and sit
no short and long vowels

Question 29

what is stress based phonology?

Answer 29

unequal stress on syllables
intonation of questions
widely associated with standard english

Question 30

why does phonology make communication hard?

Answer 30

you don’t always just have to know the rules of grammar

Question 31

how does phonology link to schneider?

Answer 31

differentiation last stage

varieties of english

Question 32

what % of words are borrowed?

Answer 32

70%

Question 33

in what ways can vocabulary differ between countries?

Answer 33

idioms - culture can shape the language

meanings - flip flop = thong in aussie

Question 34

what are public discourses towards language change?

Answer 34

the attitude of public towards language change is normally that it belongs to english people
sense of patriotism

Question 35

what does crystal say about world englishes?

Answer 35

english growth has been so great that nothing is likely to stop it from becoming a global lingua franca

Question 36

what is graddols view on world english?

Answer 36

global wave of english will lose its momentum

mandarin is now great language

Question 37

what does mcarthur say about world english?

Answer 37

standard is slowly diminishing through the spread of english

Question 38

what does ostler say about world english?

Answer 38

as british and american powers decline so will the use of english
intervention of technology, we can translate anything

Question 39

what does technology allow us to do?

Answer 39

translate any language

Question 40

what is an interlanguage?

Answer 40

a language formed of two

typically a pidgin

Question 41

why is standardisation of english being threatened?

Answer 41

through the creation of hybrid languages and relaxed attitudes

Question 42

what is code switching?

Answer 42

when a person switches from one lmagauge to another

can form restandardisation

Question 43

why will english become less of a necessity n the next ten years?

Answer 43

as english compete with the emergence of asian tiger economies

Question 44

what does mediano say about world english?

Answer 44

that english in its purest form is at jeopardy

Question 45

why do some people say that english will never fully change?

Answer 45

as there are standards set

the dictionary