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english language 13 > change > Flashcards

change Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of changes?

A

diachronic

synchronic

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2
Q

what is diachronic change?

A

change over time

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3
Q

what is synchronic change?

A

different uses of english at a given time

more about diversity

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4
Q

what are some external factors that explain language chnage?

A

-invasions bringing outsider influence

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5
Q

who many words are in the english language?

A

650,000 to 1 million

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6
Q

what % of lexis are said to be borrowed?

A

70%

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7
Q

what are two ways that words are formed

lexis?

A

through bending and compounding

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8
Q

what is blending

lexis

A

when parts of a word are used to create a new word

jeggings
bromnace

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9
Q

what is compounding?

lexis

A

when two words are added together
laptop
headache

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10
Q

what is a compounded lexical item?

lexis

A

when 2 words are used as a phrase

pole dancer

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11
Q

what is functional theory?

lexis

A

vocabulary changes to suit the needs of its users

1970s cassette
2000 cd

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12
Q

what is clipping?

lexis

A

parts of words have been shortened to form a new words
fridge
promo

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13
Q

what are two ways that words are created due to creations most of the time?

A

acronyms - scuba

initialisms - bbc

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14
Q

how have prefixes and suffixes changed over time?

A

due to trends and creations

to ‘n’friend someone

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15
Q

how have verbs changed over time?

lexis

A

verbs are usually associated with new inventions and trends
snapchatting
to google - now added to the dictionary

also context based e.g. 50 years ago would not have said during the web

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16
Q

what is amelioration?

semantic

A

when the word gains a more positive connotation

sick

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17
Q

what is pejoration?

semantic

A

when the word gains a more negative meaning?

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18
Q

which words have usually become perorated?

semantics

A

words used by lower class and women
mistress
spinster

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19
Q

what are the two arguments for semantic meaning od words?

A

reflecitonism

determinsim

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20
Q

what is reflectionism?

A

language simply reflects the attitudes in society

to change language you must change attitude

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21
Q

what is determinism?

A

that language has the ability to alter perceptions and attitudes
if words such as whore exist in a language then they will be used

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22
Q

what is the weaker theory of determinism?

semantic

A

linguistic relativity

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23
Q

what is linguistic relativity theory?

A

the view that language shapes our thinking but does not control it entirely

could be explained through the use of words such as nigger due to new attitudes it is used infrequently but it can still control our use

24
Q

what is semantic reclamation?

A

recent phenomenon in semantic change in which words with negative meanings are being taken back
change through chnaging society
euqality

25
Q

how has syntax been involved in language change?

A

the meanings of words used to be determined by word endings and now it is all about word order

26
Q

what is an inflection ?

A

a morpheme at the end of a word to indicate a grammatical relationship
e.g. adding s = plural

27
Q

what is the great vowel shift?

A

occurred over the 14th to 17th century where vowel sounds in english changed what is a

28
Q

what is orthography?

A

basic system of writing conventions

such as spelling

29
Q

what are the two grapholigic changed in the english language?

A

the reception of certain letters

addition of pictorial images

30
Q

why is standardisation breaking down

A

the fact that it is losing standardisation

through cmc

31
Q

what is CMC?

A

computer mediated communication

32
Q

what is the order of invasions into england?

A

celts romans saxons vikings normans

33
Q

what did the celts bring?

A

place names such as brock and coon

34
Q

what did the anglo saxons bring?

A

germanic languages

35
Q

what did the vikings bring?

A

scandanavian languages

violent langauge

36
Q

what did the normans bring?

A

french which was based on latin

37
Q

what wa language used for in middle english (1066-1400)

A

latin - church and education
french - courts
greek - medicine and science
english - ordinary people

38
Q

when was the printing press made?

A

in 1476 by caxton

thought to be a key turning point in standardisation of english

39
Q

what does david crystal say about language change?

A

that languages have no existence apart from the people who use them
the only languages that don’t change are dead ones

40
Q

what is the random fluctuation theory?

A

instances where lanaguage change is not as logical as just changes needs of users
sometimes change happens by chance
‘pwned’ keyboard errors

41
Q

what are the two distinct stages in language change?

A

innovation - creation of words

diffusion - spread from original user to wider population

42
Q

what is the wave model and what does it show?

A

it is a model of the spread of language change

less people using it as it gets away form the centre

43
Q

what are spikes in language change what are they due to?

A

sudden rises in the use of certain languages normally in line with an event
on twitter you can see spikes by looking at the top trending words

44
Q

what has political correctness done to language change?

A

it has replaced offensive word with new ones

changing attitudes

45
Q

why might langue be restricted in its change?

A

due to their being a standard form etc being used in other countries and writing there is always a form that is accepted

46
Q

what is standardisation and the stages involved?

A

process of developing and maintaining standard english
selection - areas of power
elaboration - using it in prestige situation
codification -rules of spelling etc
implementation - controlling its sues
samual johnson dictionary 1755

47
Q

when did samuel johnson publish his dictionary?

A

1755

48
Q

what did Robert Lane Greene describe about the standards of english?

A

we are going into declinism

perception that changes to english are irreversible decline form a once great peak

49
Q

what is complaint tradition?

A

tradition to complain about the state of a language

Milroy

50
Q

who put forward a set of metaphors to describe views of language change and what were they?

A

Aitchinson
including crumbling castle
the view that language had reached perfectionism and had now started to crumble

51
Q

what is sticklerism?

A

an intrusive concern with correcting other peoples languages

52
Q

what book is an examples of sticklerism?

A

Lyne Truss’ Eats Shoots and Leaves
book on punctuation
makes people feel bad about their language use

53
Q

what does damp spoon refer to?

A

distaste towards some language use

aitchison

54
Q

what does infectious disease refer to?

A

that language change is harmful

aitchison

55
Q

what are descriptivists?

A

describe what changes are, who uses them and how

change is natural

56
Q

what are prescriptivists?

A

people who like to set rues for language and view language change as bad

english language 13 (4 decks)

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