World English (Paper 2) Flashcards
What is Kachru’s model for English?
The three circle model
Inner
Outer
Expanding
Explain the inner circle of Kachru’s 3 circle model
Inner - occured due to the first disopira of English , has tradtional sociolinguistic bases of English - Uk, Usa, Canda, New Zeland, Austrilia - English is L1
Explain the outer circle of Kachru’s 3 circle model
Caused by the second disopria (collonisation) , where English is the official 2nd language (L2)
Countries like South Africa
Explain the expanding circle of Kachru’s 3 circle model
Where language plays no historical or government role but is still used as a means of communication (linga franca)
Estimated to contain 100 million - 1 billion people
What is the main issue with Karchu’s 3-circle model?
It eludes to inner circle’ English being better
What does English as L1 mean?
It means that English is the offical first language of a country - due to the first disporia
What does English as L2 mean?
It means that English is the official second language of a country - due to the second disporia (collanisation)
What does English as a linga franca mean?
When English is not a speaker’s 1st or 2nd language but is still used as a means of comunication
How does Quirk view L2 English?
He views it as deficit and believes that non native teacher must be in constant touch with the native language
How does Karchu view non-native English?
As different and acceptable
What is a pidgin?
A very rudimentary and simplified form of language, a mix of 2 languages that occurs when communication is needed but no linga franca is available
Whats an example of a a pidgin which is still used?
Tok Pisin - a way of communcating between English speaking Europeans and pacific islanders with no linga franca
What is a creole?
Essentially a fully functioning language which came from a pidgin, due to having features such as inflections and tenses
What is English as a linga franca often shortened too?
(ELF)
How many English as L1,L2 and ELF speakers does David Crystsal estimate exist?
L1 - 400 million
L2 - 40 million
ELF - nearly a billion
What is at the center of McArthurers circle of world English?
World Standard English
Describe how McArthurs circle of World English looks
World Standard English is at the center, and all other varities of English are segemented off of WSE
What is a critisism of McArthurs circle of World English (1987)?
There is no such thing as World Standard English
What are 3 examples of differences between Americian and British English?
Color is spelt without the ‘u’ - (US)
The rhotic r is a prestige feature
Flat or appartment - same semantic meanings - diff word
How do British prescriptivists view American English?
Very poorly
Who did Phillip Howard blame Amercianisms being used in British English on?
‘Sloppy American Schoclars’
What varriety of language is Jamician creole?
An English-lexicon derived variety
What are 2 examples of Alternative spelling from Jamician Creole?
Likkle (little) and haspital (hospital)
How did Jamician creole emerge?
From a pidgin used by slaves and British sailors
How is the emphasis different for ‘address’ and ‘enquiry’ between Amercian and British English?
AdDRESS —-> ADDress
EnQUIRY —–> ENquiry
What is a critism of Stevens world map of English?
World Englishes are probably influenced by both and by each other due to the increasingly global nature global nature of communication
What does Americian spelling do to silent letters?
It drops them
Ex : color
What is the copula?
Using the verb ‘to be’ to join sentences together - Jamician doesn’t have it - replaces with ‘a’ and ‘deh’
How does Jamacian Creole deal with tense?
Verbs dont take word endings at all, instead sentences have ‘ben’ = ed or ‘a’ = I am , ‘ben a’ = I was
What is the plural pronoun for Jamician Creole?
Unu
Whats an example of an irregular verb used by British English which has been made regular by US English?
Dive
How are pidgins and creoles viewed by prescriptivists?
Clumsy, corruptions or degenerate - maybe due to racism
What is the historical reason for peoples view of pidgins and creoles as corruption or defecit?
Racism
What is code switching?
The awareness of the different statuses of different varieties of English, and the ability to use multiple
What is the idea of linguistic imperalism?
The idea that spread of English threatens the learning and existence of others
What is linguistic entitelment?
The idea that the people of the world are entilted to a language that binds them to the world as a whole, as an international English helps reach cultural neautrality
What is accommodation theory?
The idea that English is shaped by its speakers however they’d like - no authority shaping it
What may threaten the dominance of English?
Spainish
What two scanarios does English have in the future accourding to Graddol?
English will continue to move towards a dominant world language
But more local varities will arise
What is David Crystals idea of Bidialectism?
The idea that people may have to become ‘bilingual’ in English (e.g regonal dialect and Standard English
What is the meaning of a language being exonormative? (Synder)
The idea that is was formed with the influence of another language
(E.g English and Signaporian English
What are the two main cause of lexical differences between British and Australian English?
Slang e.g dunny = toilet , drongo = idiot
Lexical clipping and addition of ‘ie’ -> aussie, barbie
What is g’day? (Australian slang) an example of?
Elision of ‘oo’
What are 3 features of Hawian Creole (English as L2)
Substitution of the unvoiced interdental fricative ‘th’ with ‘t’
Ommision of inflection ‘ing’
Coordinating conjunction ‘but’ at the end of sentences
What is the Singaporean government’s opinion and persecution of Singlish an example of?
Superstratum change trying to be imposed
What are some features of Singlish?
Substitution of ‘th’ to ‘t’ or ‘d’
Doesnt give countable nouns the ‘s’ ingflection (e.g 5 dog)
Borrowing from other dialects such as Malaysian (e.g Kampung = villiage)
What is the movement set up by the Singaporean governmentnt to try and eradicate Colloquial Singaporean English (or singlish) ?
The Speak Good English Movement (starting in 2000) , which is used on posters, adverts and on the side of buses
What is the quote which captures the Singaporean governments view of CSE?
‘Singlish is not English, but English corrupted by signaporeans, broken and ungramatised’
How can Quirks views of Standard English being a necessity be linked to the Siganporean goverenments views?
Quirk argued that Standard English is needed as it allows global communication (especially in the world of business) —-> Singaporran government agree
Is The Speak Good English Movement working? (And provide evidence)
Yes, a 2018 study by the Institue Of Policy Studies suggests that only 8% of the population identify with CSE
What is significant about Bi-dialectism (Crystal) , CSE and SSE?
That its theorised that many speakers switch between CSE and SSE , just as many SE speakers do to regional variants
Whats code mixing?
When 2 languages are mixed into the same sentence
E.g ‘It’s a nice day, Hanna?’ - tag switching
Why does Quirk believe that Standard English should be taught in L2 countries?
In order to ‘Increase their freedom and career prospects’
What is the ‘th’ sound linguistically?
An aveolar dental
