Grammar (Nessesary) Flashcards by Alfie Rendell

What is a simple sentence?

A sentence made up of one main clause

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What is a clause?

A group of words made out of a subject and a verb

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What is a compound sentence?

Two simple sentences that are both grammatically correct and both joined by a coordinating conjunction

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What are the coordinating conjunctions ?

F - for
A - and
N - nor
B - but
O - or
Y - yet
S - so

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What is a complex sentence?

A sentence made out of one main clause and a subordinate clause connected with a subordinating conjunction

(simple + subordinating conjunction + minor)

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What is a subordinate clause?

A clause that can not be grammatically correct by itself (e.g when it rang)

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What are the four sentence functions?

Declarative
Imperative
Exclamative
Interrogative

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What is a declarative sentence?

A sentence that is a statement

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What is an interrogative sentence?

A sentence that asks a question, easily identified by a question mark

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What is an exclamative sentence?

A sentence that is identified by having an exclamation mark at the end of it

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What is an imperative sentence?

A sentence that is a command

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What is a minor sentence?

A sentence that doesn’t function as a correct sentence , typically a subordinate clause, a single phrase or word

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What is a subordinating conjunction

A word or phrase that links a main clause and a subordinate clause together

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What is an auxiliary verb?

A verb that assists a main verb by adding functional or grammatical meaning

For example: I DO not know

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What is a preposition?

A word or group of words is used to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.

(E.g That , This , On top)

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What is a subject pronoun?

A personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a sentence

(E.g He , she , him)

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What are the 4 sentence types?

Minor , simple , complex , compound

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What is a minor sentence?

It is a non-complete sentence , it doesnt make sense by itself

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What is an inflectional affix?

An affix which shows grammatical form (e.g tense or plural)

(E.g dog’s)

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What is the order of the lingustic rank scale ? (smallest to largest)

Morpheme , word , phrase , clause , sentence , text

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What is a bound morpheme?

A bit of a word (morpheme) that doesnt make sense on its own (e.g Ab/normal)

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What is an infix?

A affix which is in the middle of a sentence ( e.g abso-blooming-lutely)

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What is a verb phrase?

A phrase built around a main verb with Auxiliary verbs (e.g. I have cooked tea)

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What are the two main purposes of verbs?

Dynamic verbs (doing words)
Stative verbs (statments e.g i AM)

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What is a prefix?

A mopheme which comes before a word (e.g TRANS-gender)

What is a determiner?

A noun phrase which gives more information on a noun (e.g , a , is , five , some)

What are the 10 modal verbs?

Can Should Will Could May Might Must Shall Ought Would

When undertaking clause analysis , what are the 5 areas which we will look for?

Subject Main verb Object Complement Adveribal

What are the 3 main types of adverbial?

Abverbs of manner (slowly) Adverbs of time (later) Adverb of direction (up)

When are co-ordinating conjunctions used?

In compound sentences to join two or more simple sentences together

What is the acronym to remember the 7 co-ordinating conjunctions?

FANBOYS

What are the 7 co-ordinating conjunctions?

For And Nor But Or Yet So

When would a subordinate conjuction be used?

A subordinate conjuction would be used to link a main and a subordinate clause together

What is the purpose of a subordniate clause?

Provides a neccessary transition between two ideas , the transtition will indicate either time , place or cause of effect

What is a modal verb?

A form of determiner

What is a free morpheme?

A morpheme that makes sense on its own

What is a complement in terms of clause analysis?

A word that tells us something about a subject (e.g very handsome)

What is a head word?

A first word in a sentence

What is a modifier?

A word that modifys a noun

What is an adjective?

A word that discribes a noun

What is a noun?

A person , place or thing

What is a main verb in terms of clause analysis?

A doing word or a statment

What is a coordinating conjunction?

A word used to join two simple sentences into a compound sentence

What are the langauge levels?

Lexis and Semantics , Grammar , Phonology , Graphology , Pragmatics and Discourse

What is active voice?

When the subject of a sentence is acted on by a verb (E.g I kicked the ball)

What is past tense?

A tense expressing an action that has already happened

What is present tense?

A tense expressing an action that is happening

What is future tense?

A tense expressing an action that has not yet happened

What is aspect?

A property of a verb that expresses how the action/state/event takes place over time - information on if the verb is ongoing, repeated completed or habitual

What are the 4 types of aspects?

Simple, progressive , perfect and perfect progressive

What are the 4 types of aspects?

Simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous

What is simple tense?

They are actions that take place past/present/future that are not stated if they are finished

What is perfect tense?

They describe a finished action in the past/present/future

What is perfect progressive tense?

Describing an action that was in progress but has since been completed (E.g I have been waiting)

What is progressive tense?

They describe something that is still happening (E.g Henry is walking)

What is a primary auxiliary verb?

An auxiliary verb that joins with a main verb to show tense (be , do , have)

What is a modal auxiliary verb?

An auxiliary verb that joins with a main verb to show the degree of commitment (E.g may, could, must)

What is passive voice?

When the verb is carried out on the subject

What are the 5 types of noun?

Proper , common , collective , abstract and concrete

How do you identify a conditional clause?

It will always begin with 'if'

What is a progressive verb?

A verb which is not yet completed E.g im walking - progressive dynamic verb walking

How do we identify progressive verbs?

They are verbs ending in 'ing'

What is an elliptical?

A phrase which is not a complete sentence as it is missing key parts (e.g determiners), they are usually used in headlines

What word types make up the open word classes?

Nouns, verbs , adjectives and adverbs

What word types make up the closed word classes?

Determiners, pronouns, prepositions and conjuctions

What is a cataphoric reference?

A reference from forward in the text (E.g 'As I will discuss later , X, Y and Z)

What is an anaphoric reference?

A sentence that references backwards in a text (E.g 'As I stated earlier)

What is a exophoric reference?

A reference that goes outside a text (e.g 'In his essay on language change, John Smith argued that......)

What are two types of adjective?

Attributive Comparative

What is a post-modifying adjective?

An adjective that comes after a noun (e.g very *popular*)

What is a pre-modifying adjective?

An adjective that comes before a noun E.g *annoying* trend

What is a 1st person plural pronoun?

Pronouns that the writer uses to include more that one person 'We, us , our'

What is a deontic modal auxiliary verb?

A modal auxilery verb which is linked to obligation E.g *must*

What is a epistemic modal auxiliary verb?

A modal auxilery verb which is used to suggest E.g May, might

Whats a material verb?

A verb describing an action which has an effect on the world (E.g hit, swarm, build)