Grammar (Nessesary) Flashcards
What is a simple sentence?
A sentence made up of one main clause
What is a clause?
A group of words made out of a subject and a verb
What is a compound sentence?
Two simple sentences that are both grammatically correct and both joined by a coordinating conjunction
What are the coordinating conjunctions ?
F - for
A - and
N - nor
B - but
O - or
Y - yet
S - so
What is a complex sentence?
A sentence made out of one main clause and a subordinate clause connected with a subordinating conjunction
(simple + subordinating conjunction + minor)
What is a subordinate clause?
A clause that can not be grammatically correct by itself (e.g when it rang)
What are the four sentence functions?
Declarative
Imperative
Exclamative
Interrogative
What is a declarative sentence?
A sentence that is a statement
What is an interrogative sentence?
A sentence that asks a question, easily identified by a question mark
What is an exclamative sentence?
A sentence that is identified by having an exclamation mark at the end of it
What is an imperative sentence?
A sentence that is a command
What is a minor sentence?
A sentence that doesn’t function as a correct sentence , typically a subordinate clause, a single phrase or word
What is a subordinating conjunction
A word or phrase that links a main clause and a subordinate clause together
What is an auxiliary verb?
A verb that assists a main verb by adding functional or grammatical meaning
For example: I DO not know
What is a preposition?
A word or group of words is used to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.
(E.g That , This , On top)
What is a subject pronoun?
A personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a sentence
(E.g He , she , him)
What are the 4 sentence types?
Minor , simple , complex , compound
What is a minor sentence?
It is a non-complete sentence , it doesnt make sense by itself
What is an inflectional affix?
An affix which shows grammatical form (e.g tense or plural)
(E.g dog’s)
What is the order of the lingustic rank scale ? (smallest to largest)
Morpheme , word , phrase , clause , sentence , text
What is a bound morpheme?
A bit of a word (morpheme) that doesnt make sense on its own (e.g Ab/normal)
What is an infix?
A affix which is in the middle of a sentence ( e.g abso-blooming-lutely)
What is a verb phrase?
A phrase built around a main verb with Auxiliary verbs (e.g. I have cooked tea)
What are the two main purposes of verbs?
Dynamic verbs (doing words)
Stative verbs (statments e.g i AM)
What is a prefix?
A mopheme which comes before a word (e.g TRANS-gender)
What is a determiner?
A noun phrase which gives more information on a noun (e.g , a , is , five , some)
What are the 10 modal verbs?
Can
Should
Will
Could
May
Might
Must
Shall
Ought
Would
When undertaking clause analysis , what are the 5 areas which we will look for?
Subject
Main verb
Object
Complement
Adveribal
What are the 3 main types of adverbial?
Abverbs of manner (slowly)
Adverbs of time (later)
Adverb of direction (up)
When are co-ordinating conjunctions used?
In compound sentences to join two or more simple sentences together
What is the acronym to remember the 7 co-ordinating conjunctions?
FANBOYS
What are the 7 co-ordinating conjunctions?
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
When would a subordinate conjuction be used?
A subordinate conjuction would be used to like a main and a subordinate clause together
What us the purpose of a subordniate clause?
Provides a neccessary transition between two ideas , the transtition will indicate either time , place or cause of effect
What is a modal verb?
A form of determiner
What is a free morpheme?
A morpheme that makes sense on its own
What is a complement in terms of clause analysis?
A word that tells us something about a subject (e.g very handsome)
What is a head word?
A first word in a sentence
What is a modifier?
A word that modifys a noun
What is an adjective?
A word that discribes a noun
What is a noun?
A person , place or thing
What is a main verb in terms of clause analysis?
A doing word or a statment
What is a coordinating conjunction?
A word used to join two simple sentences into a compound sentence
What are the langauge levels?
Lexis and Semantics , Grammar , Phonology , Graphology , Pragmatics and Discourse
What is active voice?
When the subject of a sentence is acted on by a verb
(E.g I kicked the ball)
What is past tense?
A tense expressing an action that has already happened
What is present tense?
A tense expressing an action that is happening
What is future tense?
A tense expressing an action that has not yet happened
What is aspect?
A property of a verb that expresses how the action/state/event takes place over time - information on if the verb is ongoing, repeated completed or habitual
What are the 4 types of aspects?
Simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous
What are the 4 types of aspects?
Simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous
What is simple tense?
They are actions that take place past/present/future that are not stated if they are finished
What is perfect tense?
They describe a finished action in the past/present/future
What is perfect progressive tense?
Describing an action that was in progress but has since been completed
(E.g I have been waiting)
What is progressive tense?
They describe something that is still happening
(E.g Henry is walking)
What is a primary auxiliary verb?
An auxiliary verb that joins with a main verb to show tense (be , do , have)
What is a modal auxiliary verb?
An auxiliary verb that joins with a main verb to show the degree of commitment
(E.g may, could, must)
What is passive voice?
When the verb is carried out on the subject
What are the 5 types of noun?
Proper , common , collective , abstract and concrete
How do you identify a conditional clause?
It will always begin with ‘if’
What is a progressive verb?
A verb which is not yet completed
E.g im walking - progressive dynamic verb walking
How do we identify progressive verbs?
They are verbs ending in ‘ing’
What is an elliptical?
A phrase which is not a complete sentence as it is missing key parts (e.g determiners), they are usually used in headlines
What word types make up the open word classes?
Nouns, verbs , adjectives and adverbs
What word types make up the closed word classes?
Determiners, pronouns, prepositions and conjuctions
What is a cataphoric reference?
A reference from forward in the text
(E.g ‘As I will discuss later , X, Y and Z)
What is an anaphoric reference?
A sentence that references backwards in a text
(E.g ‘As I stated earlier)
What is a exophoric reference?
A reference that goes outside a text (e.g ‘In his essay on language change, John Smith argued that……)
