World English Flashcards
What is a pidgin
Develops because two speakers of different languages are trying to communicate and they need a ‘common langauge’, elements of the common langauge taken from their local language
What is a Creole
Example?
3rd language formed, would start off as a pidgin and can be seen as a Creole when e.g. passed onto children
Tok Pisin: Papa New Guinea
Mix of English, German and Portuguese
Thank you - tenkyu
Miri - woman
Kachru’s three circles of English (1982)
Drawbacks
Inner circle - traditional English, use English as a national building language e.g. UK, USA, Australia
Outer circle - norm developing nation, typically non-native speakers e.g India, Nigeria, Singapore
Expanding circle - English as a Lingua Franca, largest group, expanding with business e.g. China, Russia, Brazil
Drawbacks:
- devised before rise of internet - old
- doesn’t address diversity of English within circles
- doesn’t address proficiency of English usage within areas e.g. could speak 2 or 200 words
Esperanto (late 1800’s)
Zammenhof
Neutral language to bring the world together, created a new language which isn’t anyone’s mother tounge
Quick to learn due to simple grammatical rules
FAILED - no familiarity/ regional group of speakers, banned in nazi Germany, English was already Lingua Franca
Jennifer Jenkins (2002() Lingua Franca core
Code switching
Accommodation
ELF - English as a Lingua Franca
Use ELF in situations where no one shares the same L1, mainly used for communication
Code switching - signal solidarity, use English in more flexible and resourceful ways
Accommodation- changing speech/ style to resemble other person - communicative efficiency to promote intelligibility
Entirely natural development
Strevens world map of English
Debatability?
Older than Kachru theory
Strevens descriptivist
Umbrella category of ‘American’ and ‘British’ English - all branch into mini-sub categories
All connected
Debatable theory - arguable, not like that Today, pidgins become creoles, much harder to trace back to origins
English language
How many people speak
Native speakers
Why so popular
Jay Walker
2 billion people speak it around the world
372 million native speakers
Popularity of English is due to how personlisable it is e.g. Asia, Europe, Middle East
“English is the future, English is the language of problem solving, the same way maths is the language of science”
David crystal - will English survive as a global lang
Power drives a language e.g. industrial, money, cultural
It will remain as long as other nations recognise it as most important language
No sign of diminution, over 2 billion speakers, continues to grow every year
Long term process - no idea
Short term - it will survive
