Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Robin Lakoff - 1975
Deficit model - what is it?
Conclusion’s

A

Tag questions are used to express insecurities in womens language
No evidence but women use more intensifiers, tag questions, empty adjectives, hedges
Sees womens language as weaker, lacks authority

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2
Q

Jenny Cheshire -1982
What was her study?
Conclusion

A

Studied the use of non-standards in the speech of young children
That boys used the non-standard forms more frequently than girls did
E.g. expletives to bond

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3
Q

Peter Trudgill - 1974
Conclusion?

A

Men use more non standard forms, and covert prestige and women use more standard forms

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4
Q

Janet Holmes - 1992
Conclusion?

A

Tag questions aren’t just about uncertainty, a way of keeping discussion going or being polite
Hedges and fillers have many functions

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5
Q

William O’Barr and Bowman Atkins - 1980
Conclusion?

A

Features of uncertain speech are more dependent on power relations than gender
Features in low class women as well as women

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6
Q

Pamela Fishman - 1983
Conclusion?

A

Women use more tag questions than men to START conversation with males
Men don’t want to use this conversational ‘shitwork’ because of what they perceive as their dominant role

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7
Q

Zimmerman and West - 1975
Conclusion?

A

Men interrupt more than women in mixed sex conversation - power balance
Also parents interrupt their children more

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8
Q

Deborah Tannen - 1990
Conclusion?

A

6 contrasting ways men and women use language
Status vs support
Independence vs intimacy
Advice vs understanding
Information vs feelings
Orders vs proposals
Conflict vs compromise

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9
Q

Jennifer Coates - 1989
Conclusion?

A

All female talk is cooperative - speakers negotiate discussions and support each others rights as speakers

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10
Q

Jane Pilkington - 1992
Conclusion?

A

All female talk is more collaborative than all male talk
Women have more positive politeness strategies when talking to other women
Men speaking are less complimentary and supportive

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11
Q

Koenraad Kuiper - 1991
Conclusion?

A

All male talk, men likely to pay less attention to the need for save face and instead use insults as a way of expressing solidarity

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12
Q

Judith Butler - 1990
Conclusion?

A

The idea that we ‘perform’ playing a gendered role - gender ‘performativity’

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13
Q

Janet Hyde - 2005
Conclusion?

A

‘Gender similarities hypothesis’
More similarities than differences in male and female language
And differences could be due to age, class, ethnicity, education, occupation, sexuality etc

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14
Q

Deborah Cameron - 2008
Conclusion?

A

Criticised the idea that there are natural differences in male and female speech
Men and women use language in very different ways and for very different reasons

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15
Q

Mary Talbot - 2010
Conclusion?

A

Gender is socially constructed
People acquire characteristics which are perceived as masculine or feminine

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16
Q

Michaela Koch - 2008
Conclusion?

A

Women have less social mobility and their lang is less developed
The difference in lang isn’t sexuality is power
Supports Judith Butlers theory

17
Q

Zimmerman and West (1975)

A

Men interrupt much more in mixed sex conversation
Reflects power balance - also found parents interrupt their children more

18
Q

Brown and Levinson (1987)

A

We all have 2 basic face needs that are constantly in tension.
Positive face - to be accepted and liked
Negative face - to be independent and not imposed on
Face threatening act - directly challenged someone’s face needs, threatens a persons self image

19
Q

Film and gender study

A

80’s: “dirty dancing” - Zimmerman and west - male interrupt women, men less likely to pay attention to saving face, women more apologetic + positive face
90’s: ‘’10 things I hate about you” - agree with lakoff, male dominance in convo, female tag questions, empty adjectives, male lang aggressive - agree with Kuiper - mock and negative face
10’s: “letters to Juliette” - men use more intensifiers, men empty adjectives, oppose 90s. Argue: women interrupt more & more expletives, overall male use more expletives
20’s: “the holidate” - male more features of uncertainty, male lots of tag questions, men more insults & sarcasm. Deborah Tannen - female compromised in situation

20
Q

Bill leap 1993

A

Lavender language - gay men had to live coded lives, with a secret language
Polari - dialect, example of covert prestige (“naff” -tasteless)
)