Occupation Flashcards
Brown and Levinson - 1987
Conclusion?
Politeness strategies are developed in order to save ‘face’
Bald on-record politeness: no effort to save face
Positive politeness: recognise other speakers desire to be respected
Negative politeness: recognise other speakers desire but assume you are imposing on them, as a result, add super polite forms
Off record indirect-politeness: instead of direct request often hint towards something
Paul Grice
Study?
Conclusion?
Conversational Maxims
Believed that in order for effective communication to be achieved in a conversation the participators must adhere to certain conversational rules
E.g.
Quality: don’t say what you believe to be false or when you lack adequate evidence
Quantity: make sure you’re contribution is as informative as required, don’t make it any more
Relevance: be relevant to the topic of the conversation
Manner: avoid ambiguity, be brief and orderly
Fairclough’s model - 2001
Conclusion?
Advertising exists as a prime example of ideology at work though building a relationship with the text producer and reviewer
Koester -2004
Study?
Conclusion?
Phatic talk - how important it is in getting tasks done
Phatic talk = the language what is devoid of content that supports social relationships
Implies that co-workers need to establish an interpersonal relationship and have interactions that are not just about work procedures
Instead of being seen as discouraging, it shows that being sociable and engaging in personal chat is an important aspect of effective working
Drew and Heritage- 1993
Conclusion?
Suggests that there are different types of relationships in workplaces
Inferential frameworks: we share a way of communicating in the workplace
There are hierarchies of power e.g. head at the top and pupils at the bottom
Asymmetrical relationship e.g. teacher and student - use of assertive language and imperatives
John Swales - 2011
Conclusion?
Defined community as having members who:
Share a set of common goals - e.g. work for the same company
Communicate internally, using and ‘owning’ one or more genres of communications
Use specialist lexis and discourse
Possess a required level of knowledge and skill to be considered eligible to participate in the community
Judith Baxter
Study?
Conclusion?
Double voiced discourse
Change the way we are speaking because of who were talking to - same thing in a different way
Often used by less powerful speakers to negotiate threats from more powerful people
Michael Nelson
Study?
Conclusion?
Business language
Verbs are central to business communication and also ‘pure’ business words e.g. exports, manufacture
Shouldn’t use plain English, use frequent semantic associations
Howard Giles - Accommodation theory
Changes we make to become more or less similar to the people we communicate with.
Convergence and divergence
Converge: when you make your language similar to the person you are talking to - to fit in, gain societal approval, keep convo flowing
Diverge: when you chnage your language so it is purposely differnt to the person you’re talking to - stand out, establish dominance.
David crystal - initialisms and acronyms
We use these in business to save time.
Initialism: abbreviation that uses first letter of every word and pronounced as letters - lmk, ttyl
Acronym: abbreviating using first letter of every work but pronounced as a single word - LOL, NATO
