World development + DTM Flashcards
Define LIC
LICs - Low Income Countries
A group of 30 countries which are classified as having low average incomes. Agriculture still plays an important role in their economies.
Define HIC
HICs - High Income Countries
A group of 80 countries which are classified as having high average incomes. Also called ‘developed’.
Define NEE
NEEs - Newly Emerging Economies
A group of 80 countries which have begun to experience higher rates of economic growth due to industrialisation. ‘Middle-income’ group.
Define GNI
GNI - Gross National Income
A measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the gross (total) national income by the population size.
Define quality of life
Quality of Life
The standard of health, comfort and happiness experienced by an individual or group.
Define development
Development
The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.
What is the Brandt Line
Brandt Line
A visual depiction of the North-South divide between economies showing a rich north and poor south.
Explain how the Brandt Line is now out of date
The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South divide between economies showing a rich north and poor south.
However, this is now changing as:
China is the world’s largest economy
Qatar, Kuwait and Singapore are high-income and fall in the south
GNI of EU members Hungary and Bulgaria is lower than Brazil and Malaysia
There are millionaires and billionaires in all continents including Africa.
RANK these countries into HIC, LIC, NEE
UK
Nigeria
Sweden
Mexico
Ethiopia
China
Madagascar
Bangladesh
HIC
UK
Sweden
NEE
Nigeria
Mexico
China
LIC
Ethiopia
Madagascar
Bangladesh
State some examples of development indicators
Sort them into economic and social measures of development
Economic measures of development
GNI per capita
Social measures of development
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
People per doctor
Literacy rates
Access to safe water
Human Development index
Define literacy rate
Literacy Rate
The percentage of people above the age of 15 who have basic reading and writing skills
Define Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births.
Define life expectancy
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person can be expected to live.
Define Human Development Index
Human Development Index
A method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy and adult literacy are combined.
Define people per doctor
The number of people who depend on a single doctor for their health needs
Define access to safe water
Access to safe water
The percentage of people who have access to water that does not carry a health risk such as cholera
State some of the limitations of the measure (of development) literacy rate
Hard to carry out surveys in rural areas, areas of war, squatter settlements, etc.
State the limitations of the measure (of development) people per doctor
In NEEs, people in rural areas are now using their mobile phones to get healthcare advice. This is not taken into account by the ‘people per doctor’ measurement
State the limitations of the measure (of development) access to safe water
Water quality can decline due to flooding or poor maintenance of pipes. Rising cost of water in cities sometimes forces poor people to start using unsafe sources. Official data may underestimate these problems
State the limitations of the measure (of development) infant mortality rate
Not all infant deaths are recorded. Many children are buried in unmarked graves. Official data may be underestimated
State the limitations of the measure (of development) life expectancy
Life expectancy is higher than the mean in countries where infant mortality is higher.
Limitations of economic development measures
GNI data sometimes provides a misleading picture of what the typical level of economic development is for a society, especially in LICs - mathematical mean is a crude ‘typical’ figure.
Data not always accurate - some people lie about their earnings
Data is hard to collect during wars or conflict.
Rapid migration of people into cities makes it hard to keep track of everyone.
All GNI is converted to US dollars - the value of this fluctuates daily.
Errors and omissions can creep into calculations
Some African countries like Nigeria did not include earnings from entertainment and the internet in their official calculations until very recently, meaning that they had under-estimated the value of their economy in some previous years.
State some advantages of using the HDI as a measurement for develompnent
The HDI combines multiple indicators in one easy-to-use formula. Shown as a number between 0 and 1.
What is HDI a combination of
HDI is a combination of life expectancy, income (uses a measure of wealth derived from the estimated GNI per capita) and Education (uses the average number of years of schooling)
What is quality of life based upon
Quality of life is based on a persons economic (income, job security and standard of living - housing, personal mobility), social (friends, family, education and health), physical (diet, nutrition, water supply, climate, environmental quality/hazards) and psychological (happiness, security, freedom) situations
How can development be slowed down or halted
It can be slowed, halted and even reversed through:
War/conflict
Disease
Disasters
Economic recession
Define Birth Rate
Birth Rate: The number of births in a country in a year, per thousand people.
Define death rate
Death Rate: The number of deaths in a country in a year, per thousand people.
Define Natural Increase
Natural Increase: The birth rate minus the death rate, given as a percentage.
Sketch the demographic transition model
https://cdn.savemyexams.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920,w=1920/uploads/2022/08/demographic-transition.png
State the names of the different stages of Demographic transition model
Stage 1 - High Fluctuating
Stage 2 - Early Expanding
Stage 3 - Late Expanding
Stage 4 - Low Fluctuating
Stage 5 - Decline
