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GCSE Geography > World development + DTM > Flashcards

World development + DTM Flashcards

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1
Q

Define LIC

A

LICs - Low Income Countries
A group of 30 countries which are classified as having low average incomes. Agriculture still plays an important role in their economies.

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2
Q

Define HIC

A

HICs - High Income Countries
A group of 80 countries which are classified as having high average incomes. Also called ‘developed’.

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3
Q

Define NEE

A

NEEs - Newly Emerging Economies
A group of 80 countries which have begun to experience higher rates of economic growth due to industrialisation. ‘Middle-income’ group.

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4
Q

Define GNI

A

GNI - Gross National Income
A measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the gross (total) national income by the population size.

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5
Q

Define quality of life

A

Quality of Life
The standard of health, comfort and happiness experienced by an individual or group.

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6
Q

Define development

A

Development
The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.

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7
Q

What is the Brandt Line

A

Brandt Line
A visual depiction of the North-South divide between economies showing a rich north and poor south.

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8
Q

Explain how the Brandt Line is now out of date

A

The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South divide between economies showing a rich north and poor south.
However, this is now changing as:

China is the world’s largest economy
Qatar, Kuwait and Singapore are high-income and fall in the south
GNI of EU members Hungary and Bulgaria is lower than Brazil and Malaysia
There are millionaires and billionaires in all continents including Africa.

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9
Q

RANK these countries into HIC, LIC, NEE
UK
Nigeria
Sweden
Mexico
Ethiopia
China
Madagascar
Bangladesh

A

HIC
UK
Sweden

NEE
Nigeria
Mexico
China

LIC
Ethiopia
Madagascar
Bangladesh

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10
Q

State some examples of development indicators
Sort them into economic and social measures of development

A

Economic measures of development
GNI per capita

Social measures of development
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
People per doctor
Literacy rates
Access to safe water
Human Development index

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11
Q

Define literacy rate

A

Literacy Rate
The percentage of people above the age of 15 who have basic reading and writing skills

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12
Q

Define Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

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13
Q

Define life expectancy

A

Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person can be expected to live.

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14
Q

Define Human Development Index

A

Human Development Index
A method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy and adult literacy are combined.

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15
Q

Define people per doctor

A

The number of people who depend on a single doctor for their health needs

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16
Q

Define access to safe water

A

Access to safe water
The percentage of people who have access to water that does not carry a health risk such as cholera

17
Q

State some of the limitations of the measure (of development) literacy rate

A

Hard to carry out surveys in rural areas, areas of war, squatter settlements, etc.

18
Q

State the limitations of the measure (of development) people per doctor

A

In NEEs, people in rural areas are now using their mobile phones to get healthcare advice. This is not taken into account by the ‘people per doctor’ measurement

19
Q

State the limitations of the measure (of development) access to safe water

A

Water quality can decline due to flooding or poor maintenance of pipes. Rising cost of water in cities sometimes forces poor people to start using unsafe sources. Official data may underestimate these problems

20
Q

State the limitations of the measure (of development) infant mortality rate

A

Not all infant deaths are recorded. Many children are buried in unmarked graves. Official data may be underestimated

21
Q

State the limitations of the measure (of development) life expectancy

A

Life expectancy is higher than the mean in countries where infant mortality is higher.

22
Q

Limitations of economic development measures

A

GNI data sometimes provides a misleading picture of what the typical level of economic development is for a society, especially in LICs - mathematical mean is a crude ‘typical’ figure.

Data not always accurate - some people lie about their earnings

Data is hard to collect during wars or conflict.

Rapid migration of people into cities makes it hard to keep track of everyone.

All GNI is converted to US dollars - the value of this fluctuates daily.

Errors and omissions can creep into calculations
Some African countries like Nigeria did not include earnings from entertainment and the internet in their official calculations until very recently, meaning that they had under-estimated the value of their economy in some previous years.

23
Q

State some advantages of using the HDI as a measurement for develompnent

A

The HDI combines multiple indicators in one easy-to-use formula. Shown as a number between 0 and 1.

24
Q

What is HDI a combination of

A

HDI is a combination of life expectancy, income (uses a measure of wealth derived from the estimated GNI per capita) and Education (uses the average number of years of schooling)

25
Q

What is quality of life based upon

A

Quality of life is based on a persons economic (income, job security and standard of living - housing, personal mobility), social (friends, family, education and health), physical (diet, nutrition, water supply, climate, environmental quality/hazards) and psychological (happiness, security, freedom) situations

26
Q

How can development be slowed down or halted

A

It can be slowed, halted and even reversed through:
War/conflict
Disease
Disasters
Economic recession

27
Q

Define Birth Rate

A

Birth Rate: The number of births in a country in a year, per thousand people.

28
Q

Define death rate

A

Death Rate: The number of deaths in a country in a year, per thousand people.

29
Q

Define Natural Increase

A

Natural Increase: The birth rate minus the death rate, given as a percentage.

30
Q

Sketch the demographic transition model

A

https://cdn.savemyexams.co.uk/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920,w=1920/uploads/2022/08/demographic-transition.png

31
Q

State the names of the different stages of Demographic transition model

A

Stage 1 - High Fluctuating
Stage 2 - Early Expanding
Stage 3 - Late Expanding
Stage 4 - Low Fluctuating
Stage 5 - Decline

GCSE Geography (31 decks)

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