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World Cities Flashcards

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1
Q

Name a city which has undergone rapid urbanisation

A

Mumbai, India

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2
Q

Name 5 impacts of rapid urbanisation in Mumbai

A
  1. Poor living conditions - cramped homes, poorly built, lack of water supply and sanitation, disease
  2. Healthcare services cannot meet the needs of an increased pop. - only reaches 30% poorer community, outbreaks of disease common, high IMR: 40/1000
  3. High demand on water - water supply dependant on monsoon rains - dry years it is strictly rationed.
  4. Road network cannot cope with vast amount of traffic - long journey times, air pollution
  5. Lots of waste - Eastern neighbourhood of Chembur - open rubbish dump waste burnt - air pollution (25% deaths in Chembur 2007-2008 caused by respiratory problems)
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3
Q

Name 4 ways rapid urbanisation has been managed in Mumbai

A
  1. 2004 gov. Announced redevelopment project - clear Dharavi slum and create a new independent township. New apartments, sewage and water system, hospitals, schools,.
    - some residents opposed development - strong communities with successful industries (recycling cities rubbish)
  2. Slum sanitation project - 1995
    - group of NGOs built 330 new communal toilet blocks
  3. Rainwater harvesting systems - reduce demand for water, compulsory on all new residential builds in Mumbai
    - 2007 only 1/2 eligible buildings installed harvester
  4. People use alternative modes of transport to avoid traffic (scooters) - reduces congestion, increases pollution
  5. Public transport improvements - metro system being developed (140km new rail lines) - completed by 2021
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4
Q

Name an example where suburbanisation has occurred and by how much did it grow?

A

Surbiton, S.W. London

Pop. Increased from 140,000 (1971) to 160,000 (2011)

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5
Q

Why did people chose to move to Surbiton? (4 things)

A
  1. Excellent transport links to London’s centre (18mins tube) and close to A3
  2. Variety of good quality housing
  3. Wealthy area - plenty of shops and restaurants
  4. Good state schools and parks - popular with families
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6
Q

Name 3 impacts suburbanisation has had on Surbiton

A
  1. High car ownership (70% own at least one car) - roads often have a large number of parked cars - difficult for larger vehicles to get through
  2. London travel zone 6 - expensive fares to central London - 40% commuters drive, high congestion and air pollution
  3. High house prices - av. April 2012 - £400,000 (UK av. £230,000)
    - harder for people of lower incomes to move there
    - economic segregation
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7
Q

Name 4 ways in which the impacts of suburbanisation has been managed in Surbiton

A
  1. Improvement strategy for Surbiton town centre - launched Sept. 2009
    - widening roads, building new access roads to Surbiton station, set delivery times for local shops - delivery bays can be used for parking at other times, combat congestion
  2. Surbiton Neighbourhood Committee - involve residents in local decision making on how to improve area
  3. Campaign to reclassify Surbiton station to LTZ 5 - commuters pay less - more likely to take train
  4. Secure bicycle storage units installed at station - plans to improve pedestrian access - more people walk/cycle to station
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8
Q

Name an example where counter-urbanisation has occurred

A

St. Ives (70miles North of London)
Pop. Grew from 3800 (1961) to 16,400 (2010)
- good access to rail links
- commuters to Cambs and London (25% commute to London)

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9
Q

Name 5 impacts counter-urbanisation has had on St Ives

A
  1. Traffic congestion at peak times (A14)
  2. Av. price of detached house rose from £130,000 (2000) to £290,000 (2010)
    - commuters often have higher wages - can afford it
  3. Flood risk - on River Ouse - greater demand for housing has lead to developments on river banks - 1000 properties at risk from a 1 in 100yr event
  4. More shops and services in town
  5. Changed population structure - was ageing - now youthful - pressure on schools
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10
Q

Name 4 ways in which the impacts of counter-urbanisation were managed in St Ives

A
  1. 200 new homes built (75 affordable) - social rents and low-cost ownership
  2. Plans to expand primary schools - 240 new places
  3. After flooding in 1998 and 2003 - £8.8m flood protection works built 2007 - new embankment and flood walls
  4. £116m guided busway - links Hunts, Cambs and St Ives - reduce congestion on A14 - plans to extend busway to train station in Cambs - reduce pressure on Huntingdon station
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11
Q

Name an example where re-urbanisation has occurred.

A

London Docklands
19th & 20th century - globally important - shipping
1960s - decline - containerism - docks not big/deep enough
1980s - derelict - 150,000 lost their jobs, 20% housing not suitable to live in
1981 - London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) set up
Since redevelopment began - population has doubled

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12
Q

Name 6 positive impacts re-urbanisation has had on the London Docklands

A
  1. Economy - part of area made an enterprise zone - by 1998, 2700 businesses traded on the Docklands - £7.7bn private investment - 85,000 jobs
  2. Housing - 24,000 houses built - 6250 affordable council housing
  3. Transport - Docklands Light Railway opened 1987 - links to central London, new pedestrian and cycle routes
  4. Community - public facilities built, sailing and water sports centre, Surrey Quays shopping complex, 5 new health centres built
  5. Education - new schools built, existing schools refurbished
  6. Environment - docks refurbished, new outdoor spaces created, ecology park at Bow Creek
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13
Q

Name 2 negative impacts of re-urbanisation on the London Docklands

A
  1. Conflict between original and new residents - some felt LDDC favoured more luxury apartments rather than affordable housing
  2. Many of the original residents unable to find work in new businesses - highly skilled jobs (banking) - 1981 36% people in Docklands either unskilled or semi-skilled
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14
Q

Name 3 ways in which the impacts of re-urbanisation have been managed in the London Docklands

A
  1. Shadwell Basin and Wapping - LDDC asked for 40% new housing to be affordable to original residents
  2. Centres set up to provide training in basic literacy, numeracy and IT - £1.5m spent on IT Centre (1984) - trained unemployed 16-18yr olds in basic electronics and computer programming - work experience with local businesses, qualification at end of course
  3. LDDC supported Skillnet - job agency which worked with training providers and employers to provide people with the skills they needed to find work in the area
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15
Q

Name a place where gentrification has occurred

A

Islington, N. London
Many Georgian and Victorian houses - original wealthy
19th Century - expansion of railway - wealthy moved to suburbs
Poorer people from centre of city moved there - overcrowding, houses not maintained

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16
Q

Why were wealthier people attracted to Islington to start the process of gentrification? (4 things)

A
  1. Increases in jobs in services (decrease in manufacturing) - young well paid workers - want to live close to city due to long hours
  2. Well connected to city centre - underground Angel Station
  3. Large and attractive houses - much cheaper than wealthier parts of the city, many in a poor state - could be refurbished to suit their tastes
  4. Once the gentrification process began - attracted more people
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17
Q

Name 2 positive impacts gentrification has had on Islington

A
  1. Housing improved - renovated Georgian and Victorian properties
  2. New businesses opened - wine bars, restaurants - jobs and money to area
18
Q

Name 3 negative impacts gentrification has had on Islington

A
  1. Increased house prices - £130,000 (1996) to £430,000 (2008) - difficult for people on lower salaries to live there - people forced in social housing (50% in 2008)
  2. Wealth gap increased - richest 20% earn £60,000 p.a. , poorest 20% earn £15,000 p.a.
    - 8th most deprived area in England (2007), 2nd highest rate of child poverty - high crime and unemployment rates
  3. Some businesses closed - traditional pubs and convenience stores
19
Q

Name 2 ways in which the impacts of gentrification have been managed in Islington

A
  1. Islington businesses encourage to pay London living wage - £8.30 and hour - lower skilled workers have higher income - able to cope with cost of living in London
  2. Charities work in poorer neighbourhoods to improve education - Light Project International run practical maths classes for unemployed people over the age of 16 - adult education classes in languages
20
Q

Name 2 examples where regeneration schemes have taken place

A
  1. Hulme - Manchester

2. London Thames Gateway (property led regeneration)

21
Q

Name 3 reasons why Hulme needed regenerating

A
  1. Housing was overcrowded, poor quality and had few facilities
  2. Area cleared for redevelopment in 1960s - people moved into tower blocks - pest infestation, poor heating and isolation
  3. 1990s many families moved out of Hulme - unliveable, high unemployment and crime rates
22
Q

Give details of the City Challenge Partnership used to regenerate Hulme and 5 things they did

A

Est. 1992 - worked with private companies to design a £37.5m regeneration package (aims: create strong community feel, good transport links)

  1. Demolished tower blocks - variety of new houses built - council and private owned
  2. Main shopping area refurbished - range of shops, covered market hall, supermarket
  3. Zion centre created - arts and community centre - projects for locals
  4. Business park built at Birley Fields - encourage private investment - companies such as Colgate Ltd - created jobs and brought outsiders into area
  5. Hulme park created - safe outdoor space
23
Q

Name 2 ways in which regeneration of Hulme was successful

A
  1. New housing services made Hulme a more attractive place to live - pop. grew by 3% every year 1992-2002 (0.2% across city as a whole)
  2. 1997-2002 Hulme and neighbouring Moss Side recieved £400m private and public investment - jobs created in new industries and people moved to area - unemployment fell from 32% (1989) to 6% (2010)
24
Q

Name 3 problems that were not resolved in the regeneration of Hulme

A
  1. Still a poor area - 48% live in council housing
  2. House prices increased - private housing unaffordable for local people on low incomes
  3. Unemployment still high compared with the rest of Manchester
25
Q

Outline the 4 aims of the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation (LTGDC)

A

Established a 10yr programme in 2004

  1. Make sure land and buildings are used - not derelict
  2. Encourage existing and new industry to develop
  3. Create and attractive environment
  4. Improve housing and social facilities - make people want to live there
26
Q

Name 3 city-wide projects the LTGDC support

A

Invested £210m up to April 2011

  1. Building new town centre in Canning Town and Custom House with retail, business and leisure space, improved road network, improved pedestrian and cycle access, new cross rail station
  2. Improvements to schools and education - Uni of East London and Birkbeck - working together to establish new campus in Stratford
  3. Sustainable housing development - Barking Riverside - 10,000 new homes - health centres, schools, leisure facilities, green space, ecology park - Barking train station and roads improved
27
Q

Name 2 successes of the LTGDC regeneration project

A
  1. Pop. growing - 2001 to 2011, pop. of Barking and Dagenham rose by 12%
  2. Renovation of schools - better education - £40m renovation at St Pauls Way Trust school improved science, drama and sports facilities - no. Students achieving 5 GCSEs A*-C rose from 30% to 50% in one year
28
Q

Name 2 concerns about the LTGDC led regeneration project

A
  1. LTGDC accused of not listening to residents opinions - gave permission for a temp. nightclub in Olympic park despite objections
  2. Objections to proposed tower block at Virginia Quay - didn’t provide enough affordable housing - cause overcrowding, not enough parking and loss of open space
29
Q

Name an out of town shopping centre and give some of its characteristics

A 
Merry Hill 
Dudley, Birmingham
Catchment area of 5million
20million shoppers a year
125 acre site
220 shops (24 food outlets)
30
Q

Name 7 key facilities at Merry Hill shopping centre

A
  1. Tourist info centre
  2. Customer services
  3. Crèche
  4. Bus station and coach park
  5. 10 screen cinema
  6. Police and ambulance station
  7. Late opening hours
31
Q

Name 13 benefits Merry Hill shopping centre has had

A
  1. 5000 jobs created
  2. Stimulated multiplier effect in area
  3. Cumulative causation - more offices and businesses in area
  4. Regeneration of a poor area
  5. Built on a brownfield site - land decontaminated
  6. Forced Dudley high street to regenerate
  7. Perception of the area improved
  8. Easy access A458
  9. One-stop shopping
  10. Wide choice of shops
  11. Warm, dry, safe environment
  12. Reduces congestion in town centre - free parking
  13. Dudley Zoo and Black Country Museum improved
32
Q

Name 7 issues that have arisen as a result of Merry Hill shopping centre

A
  1. Pollution and congestion increased around Dudley
  2. Dudley high street killed - boutique shops closed
  3. Cloned shopping centre
  4. Low paid, low skilled, part time jobs
  5. People lost their jobs in the high street
  6. Elderly people/ people without a car struggle
  7. Unsustainable - no public transport links
33
Q

Name an example of an urban centre that has been redeveloped and why it needed redeveloping (4 things)

A

Manchester city centre

  1. Important industrial city - declined 1960s onwards
  2. Building of Arndale Centre (1975) brought people into city to shop - pop. city centre still declining - 1980s fell to <1000
  3. 1996 IRA bomb damaged Manchester’s CBD - Arndale Centre and Royal Exchange Theatre
  4. Redevelopment needed to repair bomb damage and bring people back to city centre (particularly as Trafford centre about to open outside city)
34
Q

Who managed the redevelopment of Manchester city centre and what were their aims (2)?

A

Manchester Millennium Ltd
Aims:
1. Redesign and rebuild large parts of the CBD - create safe, accessible area for whole of N.W. region - people come to live, for shopping and entertainment
2. Make sure success would last - long term investment

35
Q

Name 8 of the main developments in Manchester city centre

A
  1. Old buildings renovated - Corn Exchange - occupied by temp. shops, now upmarket mall
  2. Run down, unattractive buildings (incl. Arndale Centre) were rebuilt and restyled
  3. Upmarket department stalls (Selfridges) opened
  4. Large areas pedestrianised - Exchange Square
  5. Printworks entertainment complex built on site of old printing press - multi screen cinema, gym, restaurants, bars and a nightclub
  6. Ubris, an exhibition centre, now hosts National Football a Museum - built in Cathedral Gardens
  7. Other buildings constructed or renovated - new shops, bars, restaurants and luxury apartments
  8. Old industrial buildings converted into residential properties
36
Q

Name 2 successes and 2 problems associated with the redevelopment of Manchester city centre

A

Successes

  1. Ongoing process
  2. Success between 2003-2009
    - pop. city centre doubled to 19,000
    - became 3rd most popular tourist destination in UK - contributed £5bn to economy each year
    - retail in city centre made an extra £300m a year

Problems

  1. Not benefitted everyone
  2. 2001, 16% pop. on low incomes - felt excluded from city centre living - couldn’t afford new facilities
37
Q

Name a city which has become more sustainable

A

Freiburg, Germany

38
Q

Name some characteristics which makes Germany sustainable

A
  1. 2000-2008 - Germans walked, cycled and used public transport for more than 40% of journeys
  2. German gov. encourage people to buy fuel efficient cars and drive less - high taxes on fuel, incentives to use public transport regularly - significant discount on monthly/annual train tickets - more economical to use public transport to commute

Freiburg (S.W. Germany) - country’s most sustainable city in terms of transport

39
Q

Name 7 things Freiburg did in the 1970s to build up an efficient public transport system

A
  1. Integrated system - integrated bus and train times, walking and cycling routes and secure bike parking points. Public transport ‘bike and ride’ facilities
  2. Unified ticket system - one ticket for several routes and modes of transport
  3. Light rail system (Stadtbahn) - easy walking distance of 65% residents - runs every 7.5mins, integrated with city’s 26 bus lines
  4. Bus and light rail trains have priority at traffic signals - faster journeys
  5. City centre pedestrianised
  6. 180 ‘home zones’ - low speed limits, priority give to cyclists and pedestrians
  7. Cyclists allowed to travel in both directions of half of the city’s 120 one-way streets - shorter travel time for bikes
40
Q

Name 4 ways in which the measures used by Freiburg city council have impacted the environmental sustainability of the the city

A
  1. 1982-2007 - proportion of journeys travelled by car fell from 38% to 32% - 68% journeys in Freiburg done on foot, by bike or public transport
  2. Distance each person travelled by car reduced by 7% on all roads and 13% on residential roads 1990-2006
  3. 1992-2005 CO2 emissions per capita fell by 13%
  4. Public transport system requires little financial input from state - passenger fares cover 90% costs

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