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Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 2 examples of a volcanic event and when were they?

A

Soufrière Hills, Montserrat - 25th June 1997

Mt St Helens, Washington - 18th May 1980

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2
Q

What type of volcano erupted in Montserrat on 25th June 1997?

A

Composite

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3
Q

What type of plate margin and which plates collide to form the Soufrière Hills?

A

Destructive - N.American Plate subducts the Caribbean Plate

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4
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Montserrat eruption on 25th June 1997.

A

1995 - small earthquakes, eruptions and lahars
25th June 1997 - series of small earthquakes followed by pyroclastic flows.
Main eruption 5million metres cubed of material released in 20mins.
Large ash cloud

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5
Q

Name 5 social impacts of the Montserrat eruption on 25th June 1997

A
  1. 19 people died
  2. 7 injured
  3. Hundreds lost their homes
  4. Fires destroyed buildings - local gov. HQ, police HQ and petrol stations
  5. Pop. Declined - 8000 of 12000 have left.
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6
Q

Name 4 economic impacts of Montserrat eruption on 25th June 1997

A
  1. Total loss in people’s homes and investments - £1bn
  2. 2/3rds homes on island destroyed by pyroclastic flows
  3. Tourists stayed away, businesses destroyed - economy disrupted (tourism has now returned as people want to see volcano)
  4. Schools, hospitals, airport and port destroyed
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7
Q

Name 3 environmental impacts of the Montserrat eruption on 25th June 1997

A
  1. Large area covered in volcanic material - Captial city Plymouth buried under 12m mud and ash
  2. Vegetation and farmland destroyed
  3. Increased soil fertility
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8
Q

Name 5 short term responses to the Montserrat volcanic eruption on 25th June 1997

A
  1. People evacuated from south to safe areas in the north (first evacuations took place in 1995)
  2. Shelters built to house evacuees
  3. Temporary infrastructure was built - roads and electricity
  4. UK provided £17m of emergency aid
  5. Local emergency services provided support to search for and rescue survivors
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9
Q

Name 3 long term responses to the Montserrat eruption on 25th June 1997

A
  1. Risk map created - exclusion zone in place - south of island off limits whilst volcano still intermittently active.
  2. U.K. provided £40m long term aid - develop north of island - new docks, an airport and houses
  3. Montserrat Volcano Observatory set up to try and predict future eruptions.
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10
Q

Comment on the management prior to the Montserrat eruption on 25th June 1997

A

Little management.
Scientists studied the volcano in 1980s - report given little notice.
No disaster management plan in place - slow response
During 1990s - key infrastructure built in areas of risk

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11
Q

What type of volcano is Mt St Helens?

A

Composite

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12
Q

What type of plate margin and which plates form Mt St Helens?

A

Destructive

Juan de Fuca subducts N.American plate

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13
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Mt St Helens eruption on 18th May 1980

A

March 1980 - earthquakes began, bulge on north side, ash and steam released
18th May 1980 - earthquake mag. 5.1 preceded eruption of rocks, ash, gases, steam and lava
Blast zone: 600km squared fan shape to north of volcano
Pyroclastic flows, lahars and floods
540 million tonnes ash deposited over 57000 km squared

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14
Q

Name 5 social impacts of the Mt St Helens eruption on 18th May 1980

A
  1. 57 killed
  2. 100s lost their homes
  3. Unemployment rose tenfold (returned to normal once clean up began)
  4. Social facilities and recreational sites destroyed
  5. Emotional stress
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15
Q

Name 7 economic impacts of Mt St Helens eruption on 18th May 1980

A
  1. Total cost of damaged: $1.1bn
  2. 200 homes destroyed (many more damaged)
  3. Airports temporarily closed (~2wks) - reduced visibility - 1000 commercial flights cancelled
  4. Expensive to clear ash from roads and runways - $2.2m to clear ash from Yakima (135km away from volcano)
  5. 27 bridges, 24km railway and 300km roads destroyed
  6. River traffic and shipping disrupted - 30 ships stranded as mudflow dumped sediment in rivers
  7. Timber industry severely effected by destruction of forests
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16
Q

Name 4 environmental impacts of the Mt St Helens eruption on 18th May 1980

A
  1. 240km squared forest destroyed
  2. Wildlife suffered - 7000 big game animals died, 1000s birds and small mammals, 12million salmon
  3. Sediment dumped in spirit lake - raised bottom by 90m, water level raised by 60m
  4. Water quality was temporarily reduced
17
Q

Who coordinated the responses to the Mt St Helens eruption in 1980

A

FEMA - also involved national organisations such as US Army Corps of Engineers and local services.

18
Q

Name 6 short term responses to the Mt St Helens eruption

A
  1. Face masks distributed
  2. Emergency shelters set up
  3. Ash clean up operations organised - 900,000 tonnes ash removed from roads, buildings and airport
  4. Shipping channels cleared of some sediment
  5. 46000 acres land replanted with 18million trees
  6. Domestic water supply monitored to ensure no contamination
19
Q

Name 2 long term responses to Mt St Helens eruption

A
  1. Continuous monitoring of volcano
  2. Mt St Helens declared a national monument in 1982- 450km squared now protected and preserved area - used for scientific study, education and recreation
20
Q

Comment on the management prior to Mt St Helens eruption in 1980

A

When earthquakes began in March, United States Geological Survey (USGS) started round the clock monitoring. -seismic data, bulge growth 😏, ground temperature and gas emissions
USGS warned people living in area
March - restricted access to volcano - evacuation of 2000 people began

21
Q

Give 2 examples of earthquakes, when were they and what magnitude?

A

L’Aquila, Italy - 6th April 2009 - mag. 6.3

Kashmir, Pakistan - 8th October 2009 - mag. 7.6

22
Q

What type of plate margin and which plates caused the L’Aquila earthquake on 6th April 2009?

A

Destructive

Eurasian and African plates

23
Q

Name 5 social impacts of the L’Aquila earthquake on 6th April 2009

A
  1. 300 killed
  2. 1500 injured
  3. 70,000 homeless
  4. Aftershocks hampered rescue efforts
  5. 1000s people had to move away from area in search of jobs
24
Q

Name 5 economic impacts of the L’Aquila earthquake on 6th April 2009

A
  1. Total cost: $15bn
  2. 1000s buildings damaged or destroyed - part of city hospital, L’Aquila cathedral
  3. Bridge near town of Fossa collapsed
  4. Water pipe broken near town of Paganica
  5. Fires in some buildings caused more damage
25
Q

Name 3 environmental impacts of L’Aquila earthquake 6th April 2009

A
  1. 1000km squared effected by surface ruptures, rockfalls and landslides
  2. Broken pipe near Paganica caused landslide
  3. Wildlife habitats affected
26
Q

Name 8 responses to the L’Aquila earthquake on 6th April 2009

A
  1. Camps set up for homeless
  2. Ambulances, fire engines and the army sent in to help rescue efforts
  3. Cranes and diggers used to remove rubble
  4. International teams with rescue dogs used to look for survivors
  5. 12,000 rescue and support workers brought in to help with rescue
  6. Money provided by gov. To pay rent - mortgage payments and bills put on hold
  7. Italian Prime Minister promised to build a new town to replace L’Aquila as capital of area
  8. By end on 2009 4,500 new homes built to house 12,000 people who had been made homeless
27
Q

Comment on the building techniques used to manage the tectonic hazard in L’Aquila

A

New buildings had to be built earthquake proof
Some buildings were poorly built - severely damaged or destroyed
San Salvatore hospital in West L’Aquila - built in 2000 - should’ve been earthquake proof
- collapsed - patients treated in tents outside

28
Q

Comment on the prediction methods used to manage the risk of a tectonic hazard in L’Aquila

A

Seismologists monitoring area prior to the event
- some feel could have been managed better
Aug 2009 - group of locals made complaint about seismologists - blamed for deaths

29
Q

What type of plate margin and which plates caused the Kashmir earthquake on 8th October 2005

A

Destructive

Indian plate subducts Eurasian plate

30
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Kashmir earthquake 8th October 2005

A 
Focus: 16miles deep
Epicentre close to Muzaffarabad
75km crack 
Damaged an area of 30,000km squared
Felt as far away as Dehli, India
By 27th Oct 2005 - 980 aftershocks (min. Mag. 4)
31
Q

Name 7 social impacts of the Kashmir earthquake 8th October 2005

A
  1. 80,000 deaths
  2. Hundreds of thousands injured - 6000 in India
  3. 3 million homeless
  4. Water and electricity cut off
  5. Landslides buried people and buildings - blocked off access roads making rescue efforts to some areas impossible
  6. Diarrhoea and other diseases spread - little clean water
  7. Freezing winter conditions after earthquake caused more casualties
32
Q

Name 3 economic impacts of the Kashmir earthquake on 8th October 2005

A
  1. Total cost $5bn
  2. Whole villages and 1000s buildings destroyed - 25km from epicentre - 25% buildings collapsed, 50% severely damaged
  3. Total cost of rebuilding $3.5bn
33
Q

Name 3 environmental impacts of the Kashmir earthquake 8th October 2005

A
  1. Landslides and rockfalls - 2 major landslides affected 0.1km squared (Muzaffarabad and Jhelum Valley)
  2. Jhelum landslide over 1km wide, 2km from top - created dam in valley where 2 rivers meet
  3. Ground shifted by more than 5m in some areas
34
Q

Name and comment on the responses to the Kashmir earthquake 8th October 2005

A

Help didn’t reach people for days or weeks - many rescued by hand.

  1. Tents, blankets and medical supplies distributed within a month -not to all areas
  2. Pakistani gov. Set up Federal Relief Commission (FRC) and Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) to coordinate activities with other international agencies and NGOs
  3. International aid - helicopters, rescue dogs
  4. Gov. Mo et given to people who’s homes were destroyed - rebuild themselves
  5. Training provided to help rebuild homes which are earthquake proof
  6. New health centres
  7. $5.8bn in international aid given - some for long term
35
Q

Comment on the hazard management prior to the Kashmir earthquake 8th October 2005

A

No disaster planning in place
Buildings not designed to be earthquake resistant - many buildings structurally poor, incl. gov. Buildings in Muzaffarabad
Poor communications - few, poorly constructed roads

Geography (5 decks)

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