Paper 4B

Question 1

Name a country from the Sahel region, from which people are migrating to Europe

Answer 1

Somalia

• Somali disapora
• 280,000 immigrants from Somalia live in Europe (14% pop.)
• migrate to Germany, Sweden, Netherlands and UK

Question 2

Name 8 human push factors causing the Somali disapora

Answer 2

1. Civil war 1988-1991
2. Clan war 1991-1992
3. Violation of women and children - rape
4. Low life expectancy - men 41yrs, women 45yrs
5. High IMR - 200/1000, 2/5 children malnourished
6. Economy and infrastructure damaged during civil war
7. Agricultural economy - bans on livestock exports in 1990s led to insecurity
8. US forced closed Al-Barakaat banking (Somali based) in 2001 after charges of aiding terrorism - damaged economy as fewer remittances

Question 3

Name 5 physical push factors causing Somali Diaspora

Answer 3

1. Flooding - 1997 - 120,000 refugees from Somalia resided in Kenya, 200,000 homeless
2. Desertification - dominated by Savannah scrubland
3. Semi-arid (south) and arid (north) climate
4. Climate change causing flooding and drought
5. Drought 1991-1992 - 500,000 died, 3m affected, disease in relief camps

Question 4

Name 6 social costs that asylum seekers have on host EU countries

Answer 4

1. Migrants may be exploited
2. Increase in population can put pressure on services - France have received 3.5million from Africa
3. Integration difficulties and friction with local people - segregation Tower Hamlets
4. Not enough accommodation - segregation inevitable - Austria encouraging mixed school classes
5. Lack of school places and integration classes - some refugees in Harburg (Germ.) wait 3-9months
6. Counties now have political pressures to reduce or repatriate refugees:
   - UK has sped up the process of hearing asylum-seeker cases
   - France in April 2011 banned women wearing the burqa and niqab - directed against women from Eygpt, Iran - violent attacks on these women have been reported

Question 5

Name 6 social benefits of asylum seekers on host countries in the EU

Answer 5

1. Services for an ageing population can be maintained (Germ. Ageing pop.)
2. Immigrants bring energy and innovation
3. Host country enriched by social diversity
4. Higher levels of volunteering in some places - forms good relationship between countries
5. Helps to meet 2030 Sustainable Development Goals - meet the workforce and demographic goals of each country
6. European fertility rate=1.5 (below replacement) ageing report 2014 found that by 2050 pop.=500m with working pop. Of 200m - migrants improve replacement levels and improve welfare system

Question 6

Name 6 economic costs of asylum seekers on host Euro countries

Answer 6

1. Negative impact on Lesvos - collapse of tourism (down by 80%)
2. German state gov. Call for relief on expenses - more asylum seekers cost more to process
3. Cargo waiting times increased - Salzburg (germ.) waits for more than 2hrs - financial loss for cargo company
4. Temporary depression of wages
5. Money sent back to country of origin as remittances-not spent in host country
6. Some will be young dependent migrants who will increase the dependency ratio

Question 7

Name 7 economic benefits asylum seekers have on eu host countries

Answer 7

1. Local economy of Boden (Sweden) boosted - new job openings, no negative impact on tourism
2. Sweden believes immigration will have long-term positive impact - competent workers
3. Pension gap filled
4. Failing schools can be transformed
5. Add £3bn to UK economy a yr
6. Countries with high outward migration (Spain) will have gaps in labour market filled
7. Migrants provide labour which means that many factories may not have to be moved abroad

Question 8

Name 4 political negative impacts migrants have on host eu countries

Answer 8

1. Unemployment may rise if the number of newcomers is unrestricted
2. Large movements of people may require closer security monitoring
3. Ease of movement may facilitate organised crime and people trafficking
4. Asylum seekers could be of any age - Europe migrant crisis - 88,000 unaccompanied children - increase dependency ratio

Question 9

Name 3 political positive impacts migrants have on eu host countries

Answer 9

1. Increased diversity
2. Potential way to defeat ISIS - brings issue home- more people are compelled to do something
3. More co-ordination between host country governments

Question 10

Name 4 negative environmental impacts migrants have on host Eu countries

Answer 10

1. Strains on food supply - more deforestation
2. Lack of space for building - building on floodplains, deforestation
3. Description of ecosystems
4. More waste - water and land pollution

Question 11

Name a positive environmental impact migrants have on et host countries

Answer 11

May push for innovative ideas

• multi-cropping
• GM crops