Development Flashcards
1
Q
Name a global grouping and info about it
A
European Union
1st grouped together to help recover after WWII and maintain peace
6 members - 1957 increased 27 members 2007
Closely integrated political and economic group - goods, services and people can move freely between most countries - 17/27 adopted single currency - common laws and policies
2
Q
Name 5 positive impacts of the EU
A
- Trade increased between European countries - 1970 12% UK’s GDP came from trade with EU countries - after joining in 1973 rose to 23% (2002)
- Euro made trade easy - no need to exchange currency - prices more consistent
- EU supports some industries - Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) includes subsidies for EU farmers and adds import tariffs and quotas on agri imports from outside EU - gives farmers reasonable standard of living
- Increased security from external threats - EU counter terrorism policy protects all members from threat of terrorism by measures such as introducing biometric passports
- Most EU members have freedom to move around the EU - to live and work
3
Q
Name 5 negative impacts of the EU
A
- Can be expensive to join - must meet certain criteria - high standards of environmental protection - requires investment
- Members have to share some resources with other member states - countries in EU come under Common Fisheries Policy - fishing grounds become open to other member states
- Policies like CAP can have negative economic impacts on countries outside EU - made trade with countries inside EU because it is cheaper
- Increased immigration in EU has resulted in a lack of skilled workers in some Eastern EU countries - so many have moved to Western EU for higher salaries
- Joining EU can reduce independence - agree to obey EU policies even if it conflicts with their national policies
4
Q
Name an example where sustainable tourism occurs
A
The Great Barrier Reef - N.E. coast Australia
- supports many vulnerable and endangered species
- 1980s-90s improved access led to rapid rise in tourism (increased by 30% every year)
- tourism today is largest commercial activity around the reef - 90% reef’s economic output - major source of income for local and national economy >£5bn a year
5
Q
Name 5 ways in which tourism has been made sustainable at the Great Barrier Reef
A
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) managed a large area of the reef - works with Queensland Parks and Wildlife service, gov. agencies and tourist industry to ensure sustainability
- 2003 GBRMPA established zoning system - describes where certain tourist activities can take place, protect most sensitive areas, keeps tourism to a sustainable level
- Some activities (fishing) strictly regulated - tourist operators have to obtain permits from GBRMPA - the no. permits is capped - restrictions on boats sizes and group numbers in certain areas
- Most tourist operators pay an Environmental Management Charge (EMC) of around $3.50 per visitor to GBRMPA - money funds research, education and management of marine park
- Tourist operators and tourists encouraged to contribute to research and monitoring of reef - reporting extent of coral bleaching, encourages tourists to take interest in protection of reef
6
Q
Name 5 negative impacts tourism has had on the Great Barrier Reef
A
- Coral reefs easily damaged by pollution - affects species dependent on them - tourist industry creates pollution - waste disposal and boats
- Coral can be damaged by boat anchors and poor diving practices - stepping on coral
- Tourists can disturb wildlife - nesting seabirds nest on ground - when disturbed parents leave nest - exposing young/eggs to predators
- Reef is culturally and economically important to local indigenous islanders - tourism limits where these people can fish or carry out ceremonial activities
- Developments for tourism along coast damage coastal ecosystems (mangrove forest and estuaries) - important for maintaining reef (estuaries feed nutrients to reef from land)
7
Q
Name and example of a place where rapid economic growth has occurred at an environmental cost
A
Sarawak, Malaysia
8
Q
Name a country (and some details about it) that has had development issues
A
Sudan
- one of poorest countries in Africa
– long periods of civil war
- economy growing rapidly in recent years - GDP grew by 5% in 2010 - although changes haven’t lead to improved living standards for everyone
- widespread poverty - 50% pop. Live on $1 a day
9
Q
Outline 5 ways in which Aid has helped the development of Sudan
A
- 2007 received $2bn in aid (= 5% GNI) - 70% was humanitarian - cope with severe food shortages
- Aid comes from different sources - individual Gov. (UK, US)
- international organisations (UN) and NGOs - Receives a lot of food aid - 2008 World Food Programme provided food aid to 6million people in Sudan - helps people survive in short term - not helpful long term
- Some aid is used to promote development - attempting to prevent conflict, invest in education and healthcare, US agency for international development funded construction of 140 primary schools and 5 secondary schools
- Lots of problems getting aid to where it is needed - corruption
10
Q
Outline 7 ways in which trade has influenced the development of Sudan
A
- Growth of oil industry - boosted trade
- 1990s - most exports agri - trade deficit - production and trade decreased due to conflict and droughts
- 1999 - started exporting oil - trade surplus $1.4bn in 2011
- Growth of oil helped development - economic growth and improved international relations (trade agreements with US, EU, Eygpt and Lybia)
- Concerns development is not helping everyone - corruption
- Agriculture still important to economy - 40% GDP and 80% employment - low profit and unreliable
- Difficult for Sudan to make a lot of money on exports due to trade barriers - 2012 av. import tariff = 20%
- in process of joining World Trade Organisation (WTO) - make international trade easier - access to wider market
11
Q
Name a TNC and some info about it
A
Wal-Mart
- largest retail TNC in world
- includes ASDA, Seiyu (Japan), Bompreço (Brazil)
- HQ in Arkansas
- Manufactures in China and India
- starting to open stores in NICs
- accelerates globalisation - links countries through flow of people and goods, brings western culture to other parts of world
- global brand
12
Q
Name 4 social impacts Wal-Mart has had on the USA
A
- Provides customers with a wide range of goods
- Many are open 24hrs - people can shop when it suits them
- Many jobs poorly paid with few benefits (healthcare) - employees have to rely on state benefits - California (2004) state paid $85m to Wal-Mart employees
- Accused of having poor working conditions - 2005 Wal-Mart had to pay $170m compensation as workers had been denied meal breaks
13
Q
Name 5 economic impacts Wal-Mart has on USA
A
- Employment - each new store creates jobs - Vineland opened 2009 - 700 new jobs
- Low prices
- Decline in manufacturing industry - buys a lot of products from suppliers outside of US - electronics from China and Malaysia - loss of manufacturing jobs in US
- Loss of local businesses - small shops close down as they cannot compete with low prices
- Cause loss of local jobs - for every 100 jobs created - 50 jobs a year lost from local businesses
14
Q
Name 2 environmental impacts Wal-Mart has had on the US
A
- Produces huge amounts of greenhouse gases - opened ‘green stores’ - run on renewable energy
- Domestic stores often large and out of town - takes up large areas of land - people driving causes congestion and pollution
15
Q
Name 4 social impacts Wal-Mart has on host countries
A
- Offers skilled jobs in LDCs - stores in China are managed by local people
- In poorest countries - working in wal-mart offers more reliable income than other jobs (farming)
- Working conditions may be poor - some suppliers have long working hours, Baximco (Bangladesh) supplies clothing to Wal-Mart - despite max. 60hr working week - many work 80hrs
- Wal-Mart donates millions dollars to improve things such as health in host countries - 2008 donated $77,000 to local projects in Argentina focusing on reducing hunger - supported 30 soup kitchens feeding 12,000 people
