World Cities Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nature of world cities

A
  • Command and control center’s of the increasingly integrated global economy
  • Not largest cities according to population
  • Hold economic and cultural authority globally
  • Control the flow of information, cultural products and finance
  • Centre of TNCs
  • Has outstripped its national urban networks and has become apart of an international global system

Worldcities are cities which have outstripped its national boarders and have become comand and control centres of the international system and flow of idea, finance, culture.

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2
Q

What are dominance world cities

A

Command and Control center’s of global function e.g. NYC, Tokyo, London, Paris

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3
Q

What are major world cities

A

Cities that link large economies into the global system or have important multinational roles e.g. Sydney, LA, Singapore, Bejing

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4
Q

What are Secondary world cities

A

cities that bring important regional economies into the system e.g. Toronto, Milian, Chicago

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5
Q

What is the character of world cities (10)

A
  • Disproportionate Financial and business center’s (areas of TNC headquarters and highly educated workers)
  • Centre of prestige and distinctive lifestyle (architecture, expensive businesses, entertainment)
  • Transport and communication hub (air connections, media, rail systems)
  • Major tourist attraction
  • Developed
  • High multiculturalism and diversity (attract people internationally)
  • ‘organising nodes’ which link regional, national and international economies into the global economy.
  • Leaders in investment, finance, foreign exchange
  • Most powerful and internationally influential media organisation (fox news, New York Times)
  • World leading educational institutions, research, areas of new ideas
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6
Q

What is the spatial distribution of world cities (5)

A
  • Europe and Asia (close to other countries for trade, and fast development, largest economies)
  • Developed countries (technology, economy, transport, internet networks)
  • Coastal/ bodies of water (trade, Thames London, Seine Paris, Hudson river NY, Tokyo Harbor)
  • Rich North (distribution of developed and rich countries)
  • Temperate climates
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7
Q

Why do world cities have dominance

A

World Cities have emerged as an outcome of the globalisation of economic activity , driven by
- technological developments in transport and communication
- trade liberalisation
- emergence of information based new economy
- emergence of outsourcing of business related services
- emergence of TNCs

These developments contributed to the rapid expansion of world trade, where labour intensive manufacturing processes were relocated to developing countries in turn world cities have moved beyond the national scale to become increasingly apart of the internationalisation of economic activity.

Globalisation has spread the power of world cities to an international extent through networks (TNC, media, transport ect.) - estabishing an urban hierarchy where world cities are now the most influencial and dominate international networks, and other seconadry cities are reliant upon them and influenced by them

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8
Q

Why are world cities financial centres with stock exchanges (5)

A
  • They control the flow of money, business decision and setting market trends
  • all major stock exchange are located in world cities indicating their economic authority and position in the global hierarchy
  • centers of banking and associated financial services
  • dominate flows of capital - in a global network of transactions
  • high stock market attracts more investors and infrastructure projects, perpetuating their command and control
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9
Q

What is the example of world cities being financial centers (3)

A

Snap Chat NYC - $15.5 billion
Dow Jones NYC - $4221 B #1 Equities and gov bonds - $9.6 trillion market cap

NewYork Wall street = most influencial - Wall Street Crash of 1929 catalysed an international economic depression inpacting the economies of other countries

FTSE Index (London) - $1200B #1 Foreign exchange and insurance - $3.6 trillion, market cap
Nikkei Average In (Tokyo) $290 Billion #7 top bank

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10
Q

Headquarters of TNC who increasingly advanced producer services give WC economic authority

A

The TNCS dominate decision making and trade. The headquarters increase the space and opportunities for key people to gather information and develop networks providing conditions for innovations.
Over half global trade is between or within TNCs

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11
Q

Example of headquarters of TNC who increasingly advanced producer services - economic authority

A

HSBC - British multinational banking and financial services company headquarters in London
Worth $147 billion
$2.3 trillion assets
40, 000 offices globally - networks

JP Morgan Chase - American financial service firm headquarters in NYC
$3.3 trillion in assest
Largest Bank in America
fortune 500 company
Operated in 60 countries - serves millions of consumers, small business and other corporations

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12
Q

Stats for HSBC, number of offices and customers and where

A

4, 000 offices in 70 countries and around 37 million customers
The largest bank in europe total assets $2.3 trillion
6th largest public company according to Forbes magazine and 3rd on the Footies index
creates a global flow of money, ideas, information and people moving between multiple countries and continents back to the world city headquarters

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13
Q

Stats for JP Morgan Chase

A

$3.3 trillion in assest
Largest bank in America
fortune 500 company
30 corporate offices in 77 locations

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14
Q

What are the economic characteristics of world cities (5)

A
  • large number of TNC and corporate headquarters
  • high concentration of highly paid international elite
  • high class residential areas
  • sites of leading global markets
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15
Q

What is cultural authority

A

Ability to influence global interactions between people by offering a distinctive lifestyle base on unique forms of sport, entertainment and sophisticated transport and architecture
WC have cultural authority because they generate and spread ideas and values which influence cultural processes through global spectacles

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16
Q

Why do WC have cultural authority

A
  • Centre for tourism and social infrastructure (Tourist meccas)
  • Centre’s for global events - sporting spectacles
  • Social infrastructure (hotels, convention centres)
  • Sophisticated transport - airports, railway
17
Q

Example of WC having cultural authority - Tourist Meccas

A

Paris
- Global Spectacles - Eiffle Tower, Louvre Museum, Arc de Trimophe
- 30 million tourist per year
Paris is the vital centre of the spread of ideas on art, fashion and cuisine.
Paris is regarded as the world fashion capital, as its home to the most major fashion brands - Chanel, Louis Vuitton, and Dior.
One of the major locations for fashion week (NYC, London,, Milan and Paris)

Paris is also the centre for art, containing famous art pieces e.g. Mona Lisa, and highly ranked fashion/art schools

18
Q

Example of WC having cultural authority - Sporting events (global events)

A

-2020 Tokyo Olympics
- 3 billion viewers internationally
- increased media exposure of the city and its culture - highlighted in architected, opening ceremony
- 2024 Paris

Wimbledon
- most prestigious tennis event
- London
- 25 million viewers
- emphasizes British tradition

19
Q

Explain dominance of world cities

A

Dominance - exerting control through global hierarchy (spatial articulation (NYC London, Tokyo, Paris)
- Use diagram

Through
Economic and cultural authority’s of corporate decision making and investment
attract talent and expertise
create trends and culture
global transport and communications

20
Q

Explain dependence of world cities

A

Dependence; relience on dominance cities for supplies of people, ideas, and info - lower on global hierarchy (Sydney, LA, HongKong)

For
- financial transactions
- employment

21
Q

What do global networks do

A

Networks is the links that join the world cities and other cities together to allow the flow of money, ideas, culture and people
WC dominate these networks and have the most and are the most influencal/ has the most power

22
Q

What are the types of global networks (5)

A
  • Advanced producers (TNCs)
  • International transport hubs
  • Global communication hubs
  • Major trading centres of the world
  • Political networks
23
Q

what are interlocking networks f advanced producer services

A

Spatial distribution of advances service firms (TNCs) which have worldwide activities anc create their own network to provide service for their customers.
E.g. flow of communication and workers between headquarters globally

24
Q

Example of network of advance producer services

A

HSBC - banking financial service
4, 000 offices in 70 countries
220, 000 employees and 37 million customers

25
Q

What are international transport hubs

A

transport facilitates the movement of people across the world. Enabling global citizens to experience the economics and cultural aspects of world cities.
Gateways

26
Q

Example of international transport hubs and stats

A

JFK Airport NYC
- largest international airport in Northern America
- Busiest international air passenger into NA
- 60 million passengers
- Non-stop flights to all conteinents
- facilitates the formation of global networks through mass movement of people

27
Q

What are global communication hubs

A

revolutionized by satellites and the internet centred in developed cities
The dominance of WC media outlets e,g, BBC, New York Times, provides emphasis and value/ trust in these news systems - promotes the western perspectives

28
Q

Example of a global communication hub

A

New York Times
- One of the most respected communication hubs due to its integrity worldwide
- The largest newspaper in the USA
- 8.5 million online subscribers/ readers

29
Q

What are major trading centres of the world

A

Trading centres create linkage and flows between dominate, major and secondary world cities, forming economic global network and hierarchy

30
Q

Example of major trading centres of the world

A

Port of Tokyo
Largest seaport in Pacific Ocean basin, with annual traffic capacity of 100 million tones of cargo, 45 billion twenty foot equivalent unities

31
Q

What are political networks

A

Due to WC economic and cultural power they are chosen to hold important intergovernmental conference. Highlighting how WC are leading the way in international decision making and peace making

32
Q

Example of Political network

A

2015 UN Climate conference held in Paris
discussed a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, resulting in 196 parties attending.
Increased to role of Paris to provide the Centre of a global network of carbon reduction agreements

33
Q

What is the changing role of regional centres

A

Becoming more dominance and gaining more complex roles as they become the central place for many essential services in a geographical location
Influence and control hinterlands and small towns
Absorbing the business and people of small town ‘ sponge city’
Economic diversification e.g shifting an economy away from a single income source towards multiple sources

34
Q

Pull factors to regional centres

A
  • lower land costs
  • less stress environment, counter urbanisation
  • lower operating costs
  • Agri- business
  • footloose industries –> decentralization, moving police academy to Golborne,
35
Q

Push factors to regional centres (7)

A
  • impact of droughts on agriculture
  • mechanisation of farming
  • construction of bypasses
  • lack of government support
  • ‘Brain drain’ - young relocate to have access to education
  • lack of facilities
  • development of transport to move to regional centres
36
Q

Facilities in Parkes

A

Government services
- Center link
- Australian Post

Educational facilities
Charles Sturt University connectivity
TAFE campus for online students

Tourism centre
the Dish televised the Apollo Moon landing
Elvis Festival
Big Fish Fossil Hut

37
Q

Changing stats of Trundle

A

17% decrease in population from 2016 - 2021
1 family per year for 20 years is required to return to 1975 population
main industry of agriculture made drought and mechanization worst
more than 200 people moved away for education