Workshop: Arterial blood gasses Flashcards
What are the four acid base disorders?
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
What happens to the pH in metabolic acidosis?
Decreased
What happens to the pH in metabolic alkalosis?
Increases
What happens to the pH in respiratory acidosis?
Decreases
What happens to the pH in respiratory alkalosis?
Increases
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in metabolic acidosis?
Increases
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in metabolic alkalosis?
Decreases
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in respiratory acidosis?
Increases
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration in respiratory alkalosis?
Decrease
What is the primary disturbance of metabolic acidosis?
Decreased bicarbonate
What is the primary disturbance of metabolic alkalosis?
Increased bicarbonate
What is the primary disturbance of respiratory acidosis?
Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
What is the primary disturbance of respiratory alkalosis?
Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
What is the secondary response of metabolic acidosis?
Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
What is the secondary response of metabolic alkalosis?
Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
What is the secondary response of respiratory acidosis?
Increased bicarbonate
What is the secondary response of respiratory alkalosis?
Decreased bicarbonate
What are metabolic problems?
Problems in your body/ blood stream
What pH does acids occur at?
Below 7.4
What causes respiratory acidosis?
- Hyperventilation
- Airway obstruction
- Mechanical ventilation
- Neauromascular disease
- Pulmonary edema
- Drug overdose: opiates
- Weakness of respiratory muscles
What causes metabolic acidosis?
- Diabteic ketoacidosis
- Shock
- Severe diarrhea
- Renal failure
- Salicylate overdose
- Iron tablets
- Isoniazid
- Phenformin
- Paraldehyde
- Methanol
- Metformin
- Ethylene glycol
- Uremia
- Lactic acidosis
At what pH does alkalosis occur?
Above pH 7.4
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
- Anxiety
- High altitudes
- Pregnancy
- Fever
- Hypoxia
- Initial stages of pulmonary emboli
- Hyperventilation
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
- Loss of gastric juices
- Potassium wasting diuretics
- Overuse of antacids
- Vomitting
- Aldosterone
When does respiratory failure occur?
When PaO2 < 8 kPa
What is type 1 respiratory failure?
Hypoxaemia but not hypercapnia:
(Oxygen not getting in)
Oxygen therapy and treat precipitating cause
What is type 2 respiratory failure?
- Hypoxaemia WITH hypercapnia:
(Oxygen not getting in, CO2 not getting out) - Low oxygen therapy and monitor frequently.
- CO2 sensitivity may be decreased and respiratory drive dependent on low oxygen levels
What are the symptoms of metabolic acidosis?
- Headache
- Decreased BP
- Hyperkalemia
- Muscle twitching
- Warm, flushed skin
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Kassmaul respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)
What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis?
- Hypoventilation
- Hypoxia
- Rapid, shallow respirations
- Decrease blood pressure with vasodilation
- Dyspnea
- Headache
- Hyperkalemia
- Dysrhythmias
- Drowsiness
- Dizziness
- Disorientation
- Muscle weakness
- Hyperreflexia
What are the symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?
- Seizures
- Deep, rapid breathing
- Hyperventilation
- Tachycardia
- Decrease or normal blood pressure
- Hypokalemia
- Numbness and tingling of extremeties
- Lethargy and confusion
- Light headed
- Nausea/ vomiting
What are the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?
- Restlessness followed by lethargy
- Dysrhthimias (tachycardia)
- Compensatory hypoventilation
- Confusion
- Nausea/ vomiting/ diarrhea
- Tremors, muscle cramps, tingling of fingers and toes
- Hypokalemia
