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EHS 3310 > Workplace Health and Safety (22) > Flashcards

Workplace Health and Safety (22) Flashcards

1
Q

Ways in which work is a source of well-being

A
  • income-health-practices relationship

- some workplaces are important sources of health information

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2
Q

Our industries are moving toward…

A

service and high-tech

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3
Q

Possible problems of computerization

A

musculoskeletal disorders

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4
Q

Demographic issues in workforce:

A
  • aging baby boomers
  • increasing life expectancy
  • increasing proportions of minorities and women in the workplace
  • welfare reform has sent large numbers of women back to work
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5
Q

Sources of danger on the job:

A
  • workplace toxic exposures
  • injury
  • exploitation/overwork
  • stress
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6
Q

Largest cause of injury fatality:

A

transportation incidents

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7
Q

Number of reported cases isn’t anywhere close to the number of real cases. Requires…

A

symptoms, the seeking of medical attention, recognition of relation to work recognized, reported

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8
Q

Why should we invest in health (4 reasons):

A
  1. values and ethical considerations
  2. workers who are fit will have less need of using the health system
  3. will be more mentally alert
  4. will rely less on drugs, alcohol, and tobacco for relief of stress
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9
Q

What’s been a common problem with occupational risk-reduction approaches?

A

Evaluation has lagged.

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10
Q

relates to the analysis and control of hazards in workplaces

A

Occupational Safety and Health

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11
Q

deals primarily with workplace hazards including those of a chemical, physical or biological nature; protection from illnesses

A

Occupational Health

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12
Q

those health outcomes that are…caused or influenced by exposure to general conditions or specific hazards encountered in the workplace

A

Occupational Disease

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13
Q

addresses hazards of mechanical nature; protection from injuries

A

Occupational Safety

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14
Q

what to expect based on history, manufacturing processes, job class, chemicals used, etc.

A

Anticipation

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15
Q

identification of hazards from qualitative or quantitative information, e.g. processes, number of employees, job descriptions, health and safety programs; usually accomplished through walk-through inspection; used to formulate evaluation

A

Recognition

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16
Q

estimating worker exposure using models and/or measurements; requires consideration of who to evaluate

A

Evaluation

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17
Q

modifying the environment to prevent or mitigate exposure

A

Control

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18
Q

6 strategies of prevention in the workplace:

A
  1. substitution
  2. isolation
  3. ventilation
  4. protective devices
  5. personal protective equipment
  6. administrative strategies
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19
Q

What is the mantra of industrial hygiene?

A

Anticipation, Recognition, Evaluation, Control

20
Q

Pliny the Elder (29-79 AD)

A

toxic metals

21
Q

Bernardino Ramazzani (1633-1714)

A

“De Morbis Artificum Diatriba,” 1700. (The Diseases of Workers) – the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, links occupation with disease

22
Q

Percival Pott (1761)

A

notes high incidence of scrotal cancers in chimney sweeps, links cancer to soot, one of the first recorded connections between occupational exposures and cancer, led to Chimney Sweepers Act of 1788

23
Q

Alice Hamilton (1869-1970)

A

first major champion of occupational health in the US, founder of modern occupational medicine

24
Q

Date and number of casualties of Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire

A

March 25, 1911

146 young women died

25
Q

Date, description, and number dead/disabled in Gauley Tunnel Disaster

A
  • 1930
  • thick silica dust caused by excavation in WV
  • 476 dead, 1500 disabled
26
Q

Historical Legislation

  1. 1833 (Great Britain)
  2. 1842 (Great Britain)
  3. Workers Compensation
  4. 1935 (US)
  5. 1936 (US)
A
  1. Factory Act (limited hours/required schooling for children)
  2. Mines Act (limited conditions and hours for those under 12
  3. first department of factory inspection (Massachusetss 1867); first laws around 1911, all states had laws by 1948
  4. Social Security Act (made funds available for public health programs, provided retirement income for many)
  5. Walsh Healey Public Contracts Act (required organizations supplying to US government to maintain safe/healthy working environments, antecedent to 1970 OSHA Act)
27
Q

Beginning of new era of occupational health regulation?

A

1968 – 78 miners died in WV explosion

28
Q

What law, passed in 1970, created OSHA and NIOSH?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

29
Q

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

A

created ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)

30
Q

What did OSHA do?

A

consolidated all federal health and safety regulations of the mining industry, strengthened and expanded the rights of miners, established the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)

31
Q

“The secretary, in promulgating standards dealing with toxic materials or harmful physical agents under this subsection, shall set the standard which most adequately assures, to the extent feasible, on the basis of the best available evidence that no employee will suffer material impairment of health or functional capacity even if such employee has regular exposure to the hazard dealt with by such standard for the period of his working life”

A

Criteria for Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) in OSHA

32
Q

“Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees

A

General Duty Clause of OSHA

33
Q

The 8 agents of occupational disease:

A
  1. noise
  2. dusts
  3. toxic heavy metals and their fumes
  4. carbon monoxide
  5. chemicals
  6. ionizing radiation
  7. microbial agents
  8. work-related stresses
34
Q

NIOSH Top 10 Targeted Diseases/Conditions:

A
  1. lung disease
  2. cancer
  3. cardiovascular disease
  4. reproductive disorders
  5. neurotoxic disorders
  6. noise-induced hearing loss
  7. dermatologic conditions
  8. psychiatric disorders
  9. toxic substances
  10. injuries
35
Q

Three types of personal protective equipment:

A
  • respirators to protect against airborne hazards
  • hearing protection to protect from noise
  • eyewear and dermal protection
36
Q

“…the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practices, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know.”

A

public health surveillance

37
Q

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL):

A

the concentration expressed as an eight-hour time-weighted average, which shall not be exceeded (enforceable)

38
Q

Action Level (AL):

A

1/2 PEL where specific activities are triggered (e.g. additional monitoring)

39
Q

Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL):

A

concentration expressed as a 15 minute time-weighted average, which shall not be exceeded

40
Q

Ceiling (C)

A

concentration never to be exceeded

41
Q

NIOSH (REL)

A

Recommended Exposure Limit

42
Q

Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

A

airborne concentrations of substances; represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects; balance health considerations with cost to industry

43
Q

How TLV is expressed

A

as a time-weighted average

44
Q

Skin Notation

A

potential for absorption through the skin

45
Q

Biological Exposure Index (BEI)

A

measurement of chemical determinant in biological matrix

EHS 3310 (10 decks)

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