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EHS 3310 > Environmental Health Policy and Regulation (26-27) > Flashcards

Environmental Health Policy and Regulation (26-27) Flashcards

1
Q

The national government creates _________ standards, which a state (such as California) could decided to __________.

A

minimum, regulate more strictly

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2
Q

APHA’s definition of Public Health:

A

prevention; the practice of preventing disease and promoting good health within groups of people, from small communities to entire countries

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3
Q

What are the two types of physical agents that we covered?

A

radiation, noise

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4
Q

What percentage of health burden comes from environmental burden for adults? For children?

A

24%, 26%

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5
Q

NCEH stands for what, and is part of which government agency?

A

National Center for Environmental Health, CDC

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6
Q

The four principles of environmental health policy:

A
  • precautionary principle
  • environmental justice
  • environmental sustainability
  • polluter pays
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7
Q

Precautionary principle:

A

preventative measures should be taken even if a cause-and-effect relationship is not fully established

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8
Q

Environmental justice:

A

equal treatment of all people

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9
Q

Environmental sustainability:

A

commerce and a healthy environment should be the result of EHPR

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10
Q

Polluter pays

A

User fees

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11
Q

Phases of the policy-making process:

A

policy definition/formulation/reformulation –> agenda setting assessment policy

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12
Q

Which government agency controls the workplace, and which department is this in?

A

OSHA– Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The Department of Labor

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13
Q

What are the two types of toxicologists?

A

System and specific (knowing cardiac system vs knowing benzene)

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14
Q

**What are the four risk management procedures?

A
  1. licensing laws
  2. standard setting laws
  3. control-oriented measures
  4. monitoring
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15
Q

Licensing laws:

A

require licensing and registration for new and existing chemicals; include requirements for toxicity testing, including the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

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16
Q

Standard setting laws:

A

establish standards of exposure for chemicals used in specific situations; an example is the Clean Air Act

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17
Q

Control-oriented measures:

A

deal with explicitly identified chemicals, groups of chemicals, or chemical processes; an example is the design of packages so that they are childproof and prevent young children’s access to harmful substances

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18
Q

Monitoring:

A

measures the level of an environmental toxin so that regulations can be enforced; monitoring programs are in place for ozone and smog and for pesticide levels in foods, to name several examples

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19
Q

Who has the power to enforce standard-setting laws? Who can recommend but make no legislation?

A

OSHA has the power to enforce, NIOSH can recommend but make no legislation

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20
Q

EIA

A

Environmental Impact Assessments

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21
Q

Types of EIA projects?

A
  1. “traditional” project EIA (large dams, mines, power plants, airports)
  2. regional or local project EIA (development corridors, urban redevelopment)
  3. “cumulative” environmental assessment (air/watershed management)
  4. “sectoral” environmental assessment (energy/water sector management)
  5. “policy” environmental assessment (infrastructure planning)
  6. economic policy/structural adjustment (country-level impacts/mitigation)
  7. international treaties (climate/biodiversity)
  8. special cases (private sector/budget planning)
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22
Q

Which program aims to combat the contamination of the arctic environment?

A

The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program

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23
Q

What types of environmental contaminants have been detected in traditional food items and human tissue samples (5)?

A
  • industrial chemicals and by-products (e.g. dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, flame retardants)
  • pesticides (e.g. DDT)
  • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzo(a)pyrene
  • heavy metals (e.g. mercury, lead)
  • products of nuclear radiation
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24
Q

What issue did they work on in South Africa?

A

water!

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25
Q

Built Environment:

A

refers to urban areas and structures constructed by human beings as opposed to underdeveloped rural areas

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26
Q

Federal Government Hierarchy of EHPR: four cabinet level departments (of 15) and one cabinet rank agency. What are the four and the one?

A

Department of Labor, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, US Department of Agriculture (DOL, DHHS, DHS, USDA)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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27
Q

MSHA:

A

Mine Safety and Health Administration

28
Q

The CDC is a part of which government organization?

A

Department of Health and Human Services

29
Q

FDA

A

Food and Drug Administration

30
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

31
Q

ATSDR

A

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

32
Q

NIOSH

A

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

33
Q

HIEHS

A

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

34
Q

What do the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, SARA Title III and FIFRA have in common?

A

They all transfer enforcement to states and tribes.

35
Q

What does RCRA do?

A

cradle to grave control of hazardous substances

36
Q

What does CERCLA do?

A

hazardous waste site cleanups, spills, cost recovery

37
Q

What does FIFRA do?

A

requires registered and properly labeled/used insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides

38
Q

What does DHS/FEMA do?

A

Enforces executive orders of the president

39
Q

What’s the significance of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)?

A

it was the first modern environmental law, and it requires federal agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) for major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment

40
Q

Who does NEPA apply to?

A

government agencies only

41
Q

An Environmental Impact Statement must analyze the:

A
  • impact of proposed action on the environment
  • any expected adverse effects of the action
  • practical and feasible alternative methods
  • any irreversible effects the action might generate
42
Q

What is the focus of the Clean Air Act?

A

controlling pollution from mobile sources and stationary sources by issuing permits to polluters

43
Q

The Clean Air Act specifically supports US obligations under which international treaty?

A

The Montreal Protocol

44
Q

What are the goals of the Clean Water Act?

A
  • ensure that navigable water is safe for drinking, fish and wildlife protection, and recreational use
  • eliminate or limit discharge of pollutants into coastal and inland waterways
45
Q

For non-point and point sources, EPA sets CWA water quality criteria or standards based upon:

A
  • designated use of water body

- total maximum daily loads (TMDLs)

46
Q

Do most states or the federal government have primacy for Clean Water Act enforcement?

A

states

47
Q

Wetlands:

A

those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions; generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas

48
Q

FIFRA, TSCA, RCRA, and CERLA are the primary laws protecting against what type of pollution?

A

land pollution

49
Q

How does FIFRA regulate the use of pest control chemicals?

A

from food growth to food packaging, to minimize presence in consumable foods

50
Q

What does the Toxic Substances Control Act require?

A

anyone planning to sell or market chemicals must first determine the effect on human health and the environment

51
Q

What does TSCA give EPA the authority to do?

A

track, investigate, or ban industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the US

52
Q

Is the TSCA considered to be effective?

A

No

53
Q

What is special about CERCLA liability? Why is this so?

A

It’s retroactive, meaning that parties may be held liable for releases that occurred prior to the enactment in 1980

the entire purpose of the law is to clean up past mistake and protect human health

54
Q

NIOSH is a part of which organization, and OSHA is a part of which organization?

A

NIOSH – CDC

OSHA - DOL

55
Q

What prohibited trade in threatened and endangered species, whether animal, plants, or parts of animals or plants?

A

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

56
Q

True or False: NEPA applies only to federal agencies

A

False. While the statute literally applies to federal agencies, by the nature of the regulatory scheme, NEPA also applies to state agencies and impacts private entities desiring a permit from a state or federal agency

57
Q

True of False: The Clean Air Act applies to mobile and stationary sources of pollution.

A

True.

58
Q

True or False: One goal of the Clean Water Act is to eliminate or limit discharge of pollutants into navigable waterways?

A

True.

59
Q

True or False: Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) protects wetlands.

A

True.

60
Q

True or False: Both RCRA and CERCLA establish cradle to grave regulatory system for hazardous waste.

A

True.

61
Q

True or false: Retroactive laws are always unconstitutional.

A

False; CERCLA is retroactive!

62
Q

True or false: Only the US EPA may enforce the Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act.

A

False; most states have taken primacy for implementation and enforcement of the laws

63
Q

True or false: RCRA requires companies to track and monitor hazardous waste from creation through disposal or treatment.

A

True.

64
Q

An environmental impact statement must analyze:

a. the impact of the proposed action on the environment
b. any expected adverse effects of the action
c. practical and feasible alternative methods
d. all of the above
e. both a and b only

A

d. all of the above

plus any irreversible effects the action might generate

65
Q

A potentially responsible party may be:

a. a current owner of the facility
b. a former owner of the facility
c. the plant manager who arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances from the facility
d. the company that operates the facility
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

EHS 3310 (10 decks)

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