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EHS 3310 > Municipal Wastes-- Solid and Liquid (24) > Flashcards

Municipal Wastes-- Solid and Liquid (24) Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of liquid waste:

A

municipal, residential, animal

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2
Q

Two ways to treat residential sewage:

A

aerobic treatment, soil-based treatment

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3
Q

Public health risks from untreated sewage:

A
  • Pollutes waters with bacteria, excess nutrients, heavy metals, and other toxins;
    carries pathogens that can end up in drinking water supplies and recreational waters.
  • Causes diarrhea, vomiting, respiratory and other infections, hepatitis, dysentery, and other chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis and heart disease
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4
Q

Aeration used in wastewater treatment…

A

…as a secondary treatment, using activated sludge to clean the water

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5
Q

sources of urban fecal pollution:

A

Combined Sewer Overflows, failed Household Sewage Treatment Systems

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6
Q

activated sludge

A

sludge particles produced in wastewater by the growth of organisms in aeration tanks. The term “activated” comes from the fact that the particles teem with bacteria, fungi, and protozoa that can feed on the incoming wastewater

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7
Q

biosolids

A

sewer sludge or mixtures containing sewage sludge that have been treated for beneficial use

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8
Q

aerobic treatment is needed…

A

…to remove bacteria and viruses

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9
Q

to protect for public health, you must…

A

…treat for bacteria or viruses

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10
Q

4’ dry soil ______ treatment

A

aerobic

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11
Q

The ___________ was invented in the 70s as the best treatment option to do the limitation of soil absorption systems

A

Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU) (The Aeration System)

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12
Q

CSOs

A

Combined Sewer Overflows (an issue with urban human fecal pollution)

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13
Q

Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO)

A

discharges of raw sewage from municipal sanitary sewer systems. Can release untreated sewage into basements or out of manholes and onto city streets, playgrounds, and into streams before it can reach a treatment facility. Often caused by blockages in sewer lines and breaks in sewer lines.

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14
Q

CAFO:

A

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation

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15
Q

To be considered a CAFO, a livestock operation must first be considered _____________.

A

an animal feeding operation (AFO)

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16
Q

AFO:

A

livestock operation in which animals are confined for at least 45 days in a 12-month period in an area where grass or other vegetation is not maintained during the normal growing season

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17
Q

What sizes of CAFOs are regulated, and by whom?

A

Large and medium, and they need an NPDES permit to manage and dispose of their manure (small CAFOs are not regulated unless the manure is causing a public health nuisance)

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18
Q

Steps in aerobic treatment of sewage:

A
  • Preliminary screening and scum removal
  • Primary settlement of suspended solids (SS)
  • Secondary aerobic treatment with activated sludge
  • Tertiary treatment (further filtration to remove SS and disinfection)
  • Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge
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19
Q

Tertiary treatment includes:

A

Chlorine, Ozone, UV radiation

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20
Q

**Wastes not considered solid wastes in Ohio:

A

Infectious or hazardous wastes. (also, mining waste, demolition/construction debris, oil/gas wastes)

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21
Q

**Wastes banned in Ohio

A

Hazardous waste, infectious waste, yard waste, scrap tires, lead acid battteries

(also friable asbestos, radioactive waste, PCBs)

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22
Q

**How the RCRA controls MSW from the cradle to the grave.

A

generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal of hazardous waste

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23
Q

**Major transport pathways (media) of hazardous chemicals and two routes of exposure.

A

Air, Soil, Water

Ingestion, Inhalation

24
Q

Significance of Love Canal to Superfund. Which act of Congress created this?

A

Love Canal– explosion and birth defects in New York. G-Ross. Led to this stuff.

CERCLA

25
Q

How many Superfund sites are there in Ohio?

Where’s the nearest one?

A

49

Rickenbacker AFB, Groveport, Ohio

26
Q

Why did waste management become a critical issue at the advent of the industrial revolution?

A
  • increase in population

- massive migration of people to the industrial towns and cities from rural areas during the 18th century

27
Q

Before waste regulations in the US:

A
  • open dumping: dump, push, burn, maybe bury what’s left with little concern for the environment or public health
  • going to the dump to shoot rats was a national pastime
28
Q

First dumping regulation:

A

Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (part of Clean Air Act)

29
Q

When was Ohio’s solid waste law enacted?

A

1967

30
Q

When was the OEPA enacted?

A

October 23, 1972

31
Q

What agency enforced Ohio’s solid waste law before the OEPA?

A

The Ohio Department of Health and local health departments

32
Q

What did Congress enact on October 21, 1976? – the “nation’s primary law governing the disposal of solid and hazardous waste”

A

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

33
Q

What did the RCRA encourage?

A

source reduction and recycling, safe disposal of municipal waste, control over the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste

34
Q

RCRA solid waste program (subtitle D):

A

develop comprehensive plans to manage nonhazardous industrial solid and municipal waste, set criteria for municipal solid waste landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, prohibit open dumping of solid waste

35
Q

RCRA hazardous waste program (subtitle C):

A

establishes system for controlling hazardous waste from the time it is generated until its ultimate disposal (cradle to grave)

36
Q

Underground storage tanks program:

A

underground storage tanks containing hazardous waste substances and petroleum products were regulated

37
Q

What act is commonly known as Superfund, and when was it enacted?

A

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), December 11, 1980

38
Q

What did CERCLA/Superfund establish?

A

Prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites, liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites, and a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party can be identified (CLEANUP, LIABILITY)

39
Q

What 1986 act beefed up/amended CERCLA?

A

SARA – the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act

40
Q

What was the major outcome of SARA?

A

increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites

41
Q

SARA Title III significance?

A
  • “Community right to know”

- Inventory of all hazardous chemicals above a threshold stored in each Ohio county

42
Q

Who manages all requirements for SARA Title III in Franklin county?

A

the Columbus Public Health Department EH Division

43
Q

How many landfills did Ohio have in 1967 vs now?

A

Over 1300 to 40

44
Q

How many hazardous waste facilities existed in Ohio in 1980 vs now?

A

177 to 34

45
Q

Solid Waste Management Hierarchy:

A

Top: Source Reduction and Reuse
Next: Recycling/Composting
Next: Combustion with Energy Recovery
Last: Landfilling and Incineration without Energy Recovery

46
Q

What is the OEPA’s goal for recycling/reduction of MSW for each SWMD?

A

The SWMD shall reduce and/or recycle at least 25% of the solid waste generated by the residential/commercial sector and at least 66% of the solid waste generated by the industrial sector.

47
Q

Since House Bill 592 has been adopted, the trend in Ohio has been…

A

… fewer operating landfills with greater capacity at each facility

48
Q

OSU is located within which waste management district?

A

The Solid Waste Authority of Central Ohio (SWACO)

49
Q

Why is SWACO unique?

A

It owns and operates a sanitary landfill in Franklin County

50
Q

How does SWACO treat solid waste?

A

As a resource capable of yielding recovered materials and energy

51
Q

Where does SWACO derive most of its revenues?

A

fees levied on the disposal of solid waste at SWACO facilities and from fees levied on solid waste generated within the District bust disposed at other public or privately-owned landfills located outside of the District

52
Q

What is SWACO’s solid waste management paradox?

A

Though it’s mandated to increase reduction, reuse, and recycling of MSW and this will extend the life of the landfill, doing so will decrease revenue to pay for landfill operations and the SWMP

53
Q

**Role of MSW landfills for disposing MSW:

A

“materials that cannot be recycled, reused, or composted”

54
Q

Describe MSW landfill design and the role of anaerobic bacteria:

A
  1. safe location
  2. impervious cover
  3. leachate collection system
  4. bottom liner

anaerobic bacteria: landfill is airtight, so need to function in the absence of oxygen. Produces methane and carbon dioxide, which must be removed

55
Q

Advantages of incineration/combustion:

A

practical, saves on transport costs and the carbon footprint from that, reduction in space required (90%), reduce pests/insects, can produce electricity, gases and leachates from landfills are eliminated

56
Q

Disadvantages of incineration/combustion:

A

high cost of plant, leads to abandonment of recycling/reuse efforts, produces dioxins (carcinogen), require skilled personnel

EHS 3310 (10 decks)

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