Working In Health and Social Care Flashcards
1
Q
How do H+SC workers promote anti-discriminatory practice?
A
By implementing codes of practice and policies that identify and challenge discrimination
2
Q
What is discrimination?
A
When someone is treated unfairly or unequally because of a characteristic they have
Someone may experience prejudice that has been put into practice
3
Q
Name the two types of discrimination
A
Direct discrimination
Indirect discrimination
4
Q
What is direct discrimination?
A
Treating someone less favourably because of their characteristics
Examples include harassment and victimisation
5
Q
What is indirect discrimination?
A
When a practice, policy or rule is in place but has a worse effect on some people than others.
(e.g. people in wheelchairs can’t access a building because there is only steps and no ramp)
6
Q
Examples of anti-discriminatory practice in H+SC
A
- accessible signage
- leaflets in various languages
- easier access to buildings
- anti-bullying policies
- longer appointments for people with learning disabilities
- advocates for people
7
Q
What is ‘positive action’?
A
Doing something voluntarily to help people with protected characteristics
8
Q
When may positive action take place?
A
- if people are at a disadvantage
- if people have particular needs
- if people are under-represented in a type of work or activity
9
Q
The 9 protected characteristics are…
A
- age
- sexual orientation
- race
- disability
- marriage or civil partnership
- religion and beliefs
- gender
- pregnancy and maternity
- gender reassignment
10
Q
The Equality Act 2010 protects people from discrimination by:
A
- employers
- health and care providers
- educational settings
- transport services (e.g. buses, taxis and trains)
- public bodies (e.g. government departments and local authorities)
11
Q
Promoting anti-discriminatory practice:
Hearing impairments
A
- provide hearing loops in GP surgeries
- use BSL to communicate
12
Q
Promoting anti-discriminatory practice:
asylum seeker
A
- provide translation services if needed
- recognise cultural preferences
13
Q
Promoting anti-discriminatory practice:
Physical disabilities
A
- provide accessible rooms and buildings
- support participation in sport and exercise in schools
14
Q
How professionals challenge discrimination?
A
Doctors: check patient’s preferred language and methods of treatment
Nurses: ask whether patient prefers male or female nurse
Social worker: advise on actions to take to address discrimination they experience
Occupational therapists: help people live independently - ensure appropriate kitchen equipment for different cultures
15
Q
Professionals must…
A
- treat each person with respect
- respond appropriately to individual needs
16
Q
What is empowerment?
A
- giving individuals information and support so they can make choices and decisions about their lives - to live independently
17
Q
How to empower service users:
A
- promote users’ dignity
- give individualised care
- deal with conflict in appropriate ways
- promote independence
- put service users central to care
18
Q
What are rights?
A
- entitlements that everyone should receive
- protected by UK laws (Human Rights Act 1998)
19
Q
Key rights everyone is entitled to:
A
- dignity
- independence
- privacy
- safety and security
- equality
- free from discrimination
20
Q
Putting dignity into practice:
A
respecting a persons dignity by:
- providing privacy for patients using the bathroom in hospital
21
Q
Putting independence into practice:
A
- promote autonomy (independence) through freedom, choice and support
(e. g. allowing an older person to choose where they wish to live - own home or residential home)
(e. g. supporting a person with learning disabilities to live independently)
22
Q
Helping people express needs and preferences:
A
- provide active support to enable choice consistent with individual’s beliefs, cultures and preferences
(e. g. supporting those who need help to express their needs and preferences)
23
Q
Putting equality into practice:
A
- enduring equal opportunities and access to services
e. g. fair allocation of budgets for provision of different services
24
Q
Possible risks in care:
A
- abuse by other service users/staff
- inadequate supervision of staff when moving patients
- lack of illness prevention measures
- inadequate control of harmful substances
- lack of properly maintained first-aid facilities
25
Managing risks in care:
- risk assessments
- staff training to manage risks
- appropriately qualified staff
- regular checks of facilities
- procedures for reporting and recording accidents, incidents and complaints
- clear codes of practice which are familiar to all staff, including safeguarding and control of harmful substances
26
Mitigating risks in H+SC settings:
Risk: specialist equipment - require sufficient staff trained to use equipment properly
Risk : adequate supervision and support- ensure drinks aren’t too hot, use stable cups, supervise if necessary
Risk: infection from accidents and spillages at meal times - support for meal times, suitable utensils and protection
27
Stages of reporting an incident:
Detect it —> record it —> report to relevant person —> classify incident according to severity + type —> prioritise issued for appropriate actions —> propose preventative action —> implement changes to working practices —> monitor effectiveness of changes in preventing future incidents
28
Barriers to incident reporting:
- incident seen as unimportant
- care staff have other duties
- staff may not know about reporting it
- pressure to not report accidents
29
Problems with evidence in reports
- inconsistent witness statements
- lack of detail in statements
- poor recall of events
- written evidences conflicts with other evidence (e.g. CCTV)
30
Complaints procedures...
- all care settings must have them in place
- all care settings must enable service users to access and use them
- they are checked when care providers are inspected
- they can lead to service improvements
31
Services users have the right for...
- companies to be dealt with within appropriate time frames
- complaints to be taken seriously
- full and thorough investigations of concerns raised
32
What does the Data Protection Act 1998 say?
- data must be used fairly and lawfully
- data must be kept secure
- data must be kept for no longer than necessary
- data is accurate
33
Data H+SC employers can keep about employees
- DOB
- address
- name
- details of disabilities
- tax code and NI number
- emergency contacts
34
How is confidentiality ensured?
- applying requirements of data protection act 1998
- securely storing medical and personal info
- following appropriate procedures where disclosure is legally required
- maintaining confidentiality to safeguard service users
35
What is confidentiality in H+SC?
restricting access to info about service users to individuals involved in their care, unless permission is given
36
Professional bodies:
General medical council - regulate doctors
Nursing and midwifery council - regulate nurses and midwives
- health and care professions council - regulate all other H+SC professionals
37
H+SC workers must...
- follow codes of professional conduct
- apply current codes of practice
- ensure revaluation procedures are followed
- follow procedures for raising concerns (whistleblowing)
38
What happens when workers don’t follow regulations?
- workers are disciplined
- may have responsibilities taken away from them
- can lose their job
- can be prosecuted for actions if serious enough
39
Examples of safeguarding
- ensure policies are followed
- ensure staff are properly supervised
- make sure all equipment is safe and sterile
- ensure info is kept confidential
- ensure effective procedures for reporting incidents
40
Safeguarding children
- protection from maltreatment
- prevent impairment of children’s health and development
- take action to enable children to have the best outcomes
41
Why partnerships are important
- improves lives of vulnerable people
- improves info sharing between professionals
- coordinates the way care is provided
- improves planning and commissioning of care
42
Difficulties of partnerships
- failure to share vital info
- lack of coordination - don’t get care they need
- cuts in funding prevent effective partnership working
43
What is a holistic approach?
Takes account of a person’s wider needs and seeks to meet these needs to promote health and wellbeing
44
Benefits of a holistic approach:
- care is more personalised
- other issues can be addressed (e.g. stress)
- viewed as a ‘whole person’ - feel central to care and have all needs met
45
Disadvantages of holistic approach:
- most people only want their particular illness treated
- doctors don’t generally look for other issues
- H+SC workers aren’t skilled to manage all aspects of individual’s needs
46
Advocacy allows people to:
- express views or concerns so they’re taken seriously
- people can access info and services
- people can explore choices and options
47
Monitoring care internally:
- lead nurses in charge of wards
- doctors oversee diagnosis and treatment
- nurse specialists offer expert advice
48
Whistleblowing
When concerns are reported to relevant staff
49
What happens when whistleblowing policies aren’t followed?
- bad practice continues-harms individuals
- more complaints
- staff may leave or perform less well
- service provider may receive negative reports
50
Monitoring care externally:
| Inspections
These cover:
- analysis of data and trends
- investigation of complaints
- observation of service delivery
- interviews with staff
51
Monitoring care externally:
| Criminal investigations
- pursued when abuse is suspected
- take account of safeguarding
- follow referrals from individuals who suspect that a crime has been committed
52
Health public bodies
NHS Foundation Trusts
| GP services
53
Social care public bodies
Local authorities:
- help in home
- support for carers
- financial support
54
Commissioning of services means...
- planning service specification
- agreeing service procurement
- monitoring delivery of care
55
What is primary care?
```
- first point of contact (e.g. GP)
Other examples include:
- dental practices
- high street pharmacies
- optometrists
```
56
What NHS Foundation Trusts do:
- run hospitals
- provide mental health services
- provide community health services
- liaise with other organisations
57
What local authorities do:
- commission organisations to provide social care services
| - commission organisations can be in public, private or voluntary sector
58
What is secondary care?
Services provided following referrals
| e.g cardiologists, orthopaedic surgeons
59
What does palliative care aim to do?
- affirm life and help people regard dying as a normal process
- offer support to help patients live as actively as possible until death
- help relatives cope during the patient’s illness
60
What ensures safety of people in H+SC settings?
Codes of practice and health and safety regulations
61
What is formal care?
- provided by paid staff
- referred to as home helps, care assistants or carers
- undergo training to carry out their roles
62
What is informal care?
- provided by family members, relatives and friends
| - sometimes provided by children
63
Voluntary sector:
provides both formal and informal care
64
What is respite care?
- gives informal carers a break from caring
- might include home care services or residential services
-
65
Clinics:
- provide outpatient care
- usually located in hospitals and support many types of health need
- e.g. ENT issues, sleep issues, dermatology
66
What do needs assessments consider?
- persons needs and how these impact their care
- persons choices and goals
- things that matter to the person
- needs of person’s family
67
What does eligibility criteria consider?
Whether the persons needs:
- make them unable to achieve 2 or more specified outcomes
- impact significantly on wellbeing
- arise from or are related to mental or physical impairment/illness
68
Specified outcomes:
- prepare and eat food/drink
- dress appropriately
- maintain personal hygiene
- care for others
- access personal relationships to avoid loneliness
69
Barriers to accessing services
- financial (richer people may pay for own care)
- social (rough sleepers are unlikely to get care they need)
- cultural (if English isn’t patient’s first language)
- geographical (less treatment may be available in certain areas)
- lack of knowledge (can’t access services if they don’t know they’re there)
70
What is a charity?
Organisation set up to represent people worth specific needs and provide help and support (often voluntarily)
(e.g. NSPCC, Shelter, Mental Health Foundation)
71
How charities serve different groups of service users
- represent their interests to governments
- provide advice and services
- work with other organisations
- changing public attitudes
- challenging and preventing discrimination and prejudice
72
What do patient groups do?
- represent interests of people with particular needs
- provide feedback on NHS services
- provide volunteers
- take part in research carried out by NHS
73
What does an advocate do?
- express views and concerns of a service user so they’re taken seriously
- enable a service user to access info and services
- can enable people to challenge discrimination
74
People who may need advocates:
- people with a learning disability
- people with mental ill health
- children
- people who’s first language isn’t English
- people with speech difficulties or confidence issues
75
What is peer advocacy?
Where people support people with similar problems (e.g. mental ill health)
76
What is statutory advocacy?
Where an individual is entitled to advocacy under the law
77
How inspectors carry out inspections:
1. Identify purpose of inspection
2. Gather views of service users
3. Gather info from staff
4. Observe service delivery
5. Review records
6. Look at documents and policies
7. Feed back at meeting with senior staff and inspection team
8. Publish findings
9. Take action to improve services where needed
78
What happens after inspections?
- service provider is graded
- requirements or warning notices may be given
- organisations and individuals may be asked to implement practice changes
79
What is the Care Quality Commission (CQC)?
- independent regulator of H+SC in England
Role:
- register care providers
- monitoring, inspect and regulate all H+SC services
80
What 5 questions do the CQC ask?
Is it safe? (Protects from harm)
Is it effective? (Evidence of good outcomes)
Is it caring? (Treats everyone with dignity and respect)
Is it responsive to needs? (Care should be high quality)
Is it well led? (Service should be organised to meet needs)
81
What is The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence? (NICE)
Provide national guidance and advice to improve H+SC
Role:
- produce evidence-based guidance for service providers
- develop quality standards and performance measurements
- provide range of info services
82
How do the NMC regulate nurses and midwives?
- ensure they’re have the right qualifications and skills
- set standards of practice and behaviour
- require them to challenge discrimination, and review practice yearly
83
How does the HCOC protect the public?
Keep a register of health and care professionals who meet standards for training, professionals skills, behaviour and health
84
What does the GMC do?
- decides which doctors are qualified to work here
- sets standards doctors need to follow
- take action to prevent doctors from putting safety of patients at risk
85
Performance criteria for meeting visitors:
- ensure visiting area is safe
- maintain confidentiality
- ensure info given to visitor is accurate
- find out why visitor is visiting
- provide support to visitor according to their needs
86
Codes of practice relating to key issues in H+SC
- safeguarding
- data protection
- health and safety
- confidentiality
- professional conduct
- end-of-life care
87
When is training provided?
- before you become an employee (gain qualifications)
- during induction
- while in post
- can access training provided by their regulatory body
- do CPD (continuing professional development)
88
What do trade unions do?
Protect and promote the rights and interests of their members
89
You can help yourself maintain good mental health by:
- expressing feelings
- keeping active
- eating well
- keep in touch with loved ones
- accepting who they are
- caring for others
90
Four key care priorities
1. Choices for people and families
2. Care in the community with personalised support
3. Innovative services that offer a range of care options
4. Providing early, intensive support for people who need it so they can stay independent
91
Role of carer for learning disabilities
- empathise
- use language the person can understand
- report risk
- treat person with dignity
- ensure persons info remains confidential
92
Early years care through 5 main providers:
- parents
- other family members and friends
- teachers/teaching assistants
- specialist support workers
- specialist medical staff who treat children (paediatrician)
93
Children are entitled to learning in 3 prime areas and 4 specific core areas:
Prime:
- communication and language
- physical development
- personal, social and emotional development
Core areas:
- literacy
- mathematics
- understanding the world
- expressive arts and design
94
Vulnerable people at risk include:
- individuals with menthol ill health
- refugees
- people with degenerative illnesses (dementia)
- individuals who have been abused
