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Health and Social Care > Human Lifespan Development (1) > Flashcards

Human Lifespan Development (1) Flashcards

1
Q

The four principles of growth

A
  1. Growth rates are not constant
  2. Different parts of the body grow at different rates
  3. Growth rates vary between children
  4. The growth rate of boys is usually faster than that of girls (men tend to be taller)
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2
Q

How are you measured in the first 2 years of life?

A

Length when lying down

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3
Q

How are you measured after 2 years old?

A

In height standing up

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4
Q

When is head circumference measured?

A

At birth and at 6-8 weeks

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5
Q

Why is head circumference measured at 6-8 weeks?

A

To identify any abnormalities in brain or skull growth

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6
Q

How do you measure head circumference?

A

Across the forehead, just above the ears and at the midpoint of the back of the head

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7
Q

Growth is an indicator of…

A

Children’s health and wellbeing

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8
Q

How are measurements plotted?

A

On a growth chart

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9
Q

What do centile lines represent?

A

measurements from a large number of children to show ‘norms’ of growth in each age group

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10
Q

What do growth charts give?

A

Length/height
Weight
Head dimensions
(Expected at particular ages)

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11
Q

Why do we compare children’s growth against norms?

A

To identify signs of ill-health and development problems

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12
Q

Why are growth charts different for boys and girls?

A

Their expected rate of growth varies

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13
Q

PIES development ?

A

Physical
Intellectual (cognitive)
Emotional
Social

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14
Q

Physical development is…

A

Growth and other physical changes that happen to our body throughout life

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15
Q

Intellectual development is…

A

The development of language, memory and thinking skills

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16
Q

Emotional development is…

A

The ability to cope with feelings about ourselves and towards others

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17
Q

Social development is…

A

The ability to form friendships and relationships, and learn to be independent

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18
Q

Each stage of development is called a…

A

Milestone (developmental norms)

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19
Q

Cam development be measured?

A

NO

Development is observed and cannot be measured in the same way as growth

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20
Q

0-3 months

A

Can use gurgling and crying to communicate

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21
Q

18 months

A

Can say six to ten words

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22
Q

2 years

A

Can link words together

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23
Q

3 years

A

Can link simple sentences

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24
Q

8 years

A

Can reason and explain

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25
Q

What does observation involve?

Why do we observe children?

A

Assessment of a child’s abilities, learning and behaviour

to ensure that they are making expected progress against milestones

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26
Q

Gross motor skills allow children to…

A

Control the large muscles in their torso, arms, legs, hands and feet

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27
Q

Where do infants develop their gross motor skills?

A

From the head down

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28
Q

What happens to GMS around six months old?

A

Infants gradually control muscles in their neck and back so they can roll, sit and crawl

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29
Q

What happens to GMS around 11-13 months?

A

Muscles in a child’s legs develop so they can stand and walk

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30
Q

What happens to GMS at age 2?

A

Infants can climb onto low furniture and propel a sit-on toy

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31
Q

What happens to GMS at 2.5 years?

A

Can kick a ball

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32
Q

Gross motor skills are used for…

A 
Crawling
Walking
Running
Balancing
Skipping
Jumping
Kicking
Pushing
Pulling
Bending
Climbing
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33
Q

GMS at 3 years…

A

Can throw a ball

Can pedal and control a tricycle

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34
Q

GMS at 3-4 years…

A

Can balance and walk along a line
Can run forwards and backwards
Can hop on one foot

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35
Q

GMS at 5-8 years…

A 
Can skip with a rope
Can ride a bicycle
Can hop, skip and jump with confidence 
Can accurately throw and catch a ball
Can balance on a low beam
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36
Q

Fine motor skills are…

A

Important for controlling and coordinating the movement of small muscles in the fingers and hands

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37
Q

FMS in newborns

A

Can grasp an adults finger

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38
Q

FMS by 3 months

A

Can hold a rattle for a short time

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39
Q

FMS by 6 months

A

Will grasp a toy and pass it to their other hand

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40
Q

FMS at 12 months

A

Will pick up small objects using a pincer grasp

41
Q

FMS at 18 months

A

Can build with small blocks, use a spoon and make marks with crayons using palmar grasp

42
Q

FMS at 2 years

A

Can pull on shoes and control crayons to draw circles and dots

43
Q

FMS at 3 years

A

Develop tripod grasp

Can use a fork and spoon

44
Q

FMS at 5 years

A

Can write own name

Uses hand-eye coordination

45
Q

When does puberty take place?

A

Girls - around 11-13 years

Boys - around 13-15 years

46
Q

How does puberty happen?

A

Hormone in brain sends signal to pituitary gland

Pituitary gland releases hormones that stimulate ovaries/testes to produce sex hormones

47
Q

What is ‘a sudden increase in height’?

A

A growth spurt

Happens during puberty

48
Q

Role of sex hormone (boys)

A

testosterone (produced by testes)

stimulates penis and testes growth, pubic hair growth, muscle development and lowering of voice

49
Q

Role of sex hormones (girls)

A

oestrogen and progesterone (produced in ovaries)

stimulate growth of breasts and reproductive system, and help regulate menstrual cycle

50
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

Processes related to the sex organs that are present at birth and mature when sex hormones are released

51
Q

Primary sexual characteristics in girls

A
  • menstruation begins
  • uterus and vagina grows
  • ovulation occurs
52
Q

Primary sexual characteristics in boys

A
  • penis enlarges
  • prostate gland produces secretions
  • testes enlarge and produce sperm
53
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Not necessary for reproduction

Develop when sex hormones are released

54
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics in girls

A
  • growth of armpit and pubic hair
  • increased layers of fat under skin
  • breasts enlarge
  • growth spurt
  • hips widen
55
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics in boys

A
  • growth of facial hair
  • growth of armpit, chest and pubic hair
  • increased muscle
  • growth spurt
  • larynx (voice box) grows, causing the voice to deepen (break)
56
Q

What happens in physical maturity?

Early adulthood

A
  • physical strength and stamina is at its peak
  • sexual characteristics are fully developed
  • hand-eye coordination at its peak
  • women are at their most fertile (can become pregnant and lactate)
  • reaction time is quickest
  • full height is reached
57
Q

When do women reach the end of reproductive years?

A

40-45 years old

Period is called perimenopause

58
Q

What symptoms does the reduction of oestrogen cause?

A
  • hot flushes
  • night sweats
  • mood swings
  • loss of libido
  • vaginal dryness
59
Q

What happens during perimenopause?

A
  • oestrogen decreases
  • ovulation is irregular
  • menstruation becomes less frequent
60
Q

When does the ageing process begin?

A

Mainly in middle adulthood

61
Q

Signs of ageing?

A
  • greying hair
  • loss of muscle tone, strength and stamina
  • body shape may change with increase/loss of weight
  • men begin to lose hair
  • women are no longer fertile - menstruation end
  • loss of height
62
Q

What is menopause?

A

The natural and gradual ending of menstruation
Happens over several years
Happens during middle adulthood

63
Q

Role of oestrogen

A

Regulates ovulation

Most important part of female sexuality

64
Q

Role of progesterone

A

Needed for implantation of fertilised eggs in the uterus, maintenance of pregnancy and sexual health

65
Q

What does a reduction in oestrogen cause?

A
  • ovaries to stop producing eggs
  • thinning and shrinkage of vagina
  • mood swings (as oestrogen regulates neurotransmitters that affect mood)
66
Q

A reduction in oestrogen affects…

A
  • health of hair, skin and nails

- hypothalamus in brain, which regulates temperature, causing hot flushes and night sweats

67
Q

Reduction in oestrogen and progesterone…

A
  • gradually stops menstruation

- impacts libido

68
Q

What is the ageing process?

A

The natural deterioration of the body

69
Q

Effects of ageing in later adulthood

A
  • reduction in hearing and vision
  • less mobility
  • loss of muscle and stamina
  • decline in strength
  • less elasticity in the skin
  • more susceptible to infections and disease
  • more likely to fall and be injured
70
Q

What happens to height by age 80?

A

may have lost as much as 5cm in height

71
Q

What causes height loss in later adulthood?

A

Changes in posture and compression of spinal discs and joints

72
Q

Ageing can sometimes have a negative impact on…

A

cognitive development

  • memory
  • recall
  • speed of thinking
73
Q

Types of intellectual development?

A 
Problem solving
Language development
Memory
Moral development
Abstract thought and creative thinking
74
Q

Why is problem solving needed?

A

To work things out and make predictions about what might happen

75
Q

Why is language development needed?

A

Essential to organise and express thoughts

76
Q

Why is memory needed?

A

Essential for storing and recalling information

77
Q

Why is abstract thought and creative thinking needed?

A

For thinking and discussing things that can’t be observed

78
Q

Why is moral development needed?

A

For reasoning and making choices about how to act towards self and others

79
Q

Intellectual development in infancy and early childhood

A

Time of rapid intellectual development

90% or neurone (brain cell) connections are in place by 5 years old

80
Q

Intellectual development in early adulthood

A

Intellectual development continues
Gained knowledge, experience and skills by this stage
Use past experiences to make judgements
Thinking is logical and realistic

81
Q

Intellectual development in later adulthood

A

Continue to learn new skills

Intelligence doesn’t change but short-term memory and thinking speed may decline

82
Q

Intellectual milestone - birth

A

can use all their senses to help understand the world around them

83
Q

Intellectual milestone - 3 years

A

can ask questions, count, recognise colours and sort objects

84
Q

Intellectual milestone - 5 years

A

start to read and write and draw in detail, can talk about the past and future

85
Q

Intellectual milestone - 8 years

A

can think more deeply, reason, talk about abstract ideas and plans

86
Q

4 reflexes in infancy…

A

Moro: sitting the baby up - protects itself
Rooting: (sucking motion) helps breastfeeding - disappears by 4 months
Palmar: essential for fine motor skills development - disappears by 6 months
Babinski: toes separate - stops at 12 months

87
Q

What are developmental norms used for?

A

Judging whether a child is progressing normally

88
Q

Language development in infancy

A

0-3 mths - cry for food or comfort, make mouth movements in response

6-12 mths - understand some words, make sounds (e.g. gaga)

18 mths - can say between 6 and 10 words, can follow simple instructions

89
Q

Language development in early childhood

A

2-3 yrs - link words together (e.g. me car), vocab increases to approx 200 words

3-5 years - uses simple sentences, asks questions, may use incorrect forms of words

8 years - speaks in complex sentences, can reason and explain

90
Q

Language development in adolescence

A

Developing vocabulary

Uses language to explore abstract ideas

91
Q

Who came up with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) ?

A

Noam Chomsky

92
Q

What did Noam Chomsky suggest?

A
  • humans are born with a structure in brain that enables them to acquire language
  • humans have a critical period for first language development in early years
  • humans all follow the same pattern of language development
  • humans have an innate understanding of the structure of language (universal grammar)
93
Q

Criticisms of Chomsky

A
  • lack of scientific evidence of innate understanding of structure of language
  • rate of language development is affected by the degree of interactions with others
  • doesn’t take into account a language acquisition support system is required
  • he put emphasis on grammar in sentence development rather than meanings
94
Q

What is self-concept?

A
  • an individual’s evaluation of their own self worth

- combination of self-image and self-esteem

95
Q

What is self-image?

A

How individuals view themselves, influenced by how others perceive them

96
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

How individuals value and feel about the knowledge they have of themselves

97
Q

Factors that may impact on self-image and self-esteem

A
  • family and culture
  • achievement (e.g. school)
  • life experiences
  • sexual orientation
  • others’ attitudes
  • emotional development (including early attachment)
98
Q

Is a person’s self esteem constant?

A

NO

may change depending on circumstances

99
Q

What is a feral child?

A

human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a young age

Health and Social Care (6 decks)

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