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H&SC Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What did Piaget believe?

Cognitive development

A

Children pass through distinct development stages in sequence
Thought children should be allowed to discover things for themselves through spontaneous play

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2
Q

Stage 1 of Piaget’s cognitive development…

A

Sensorimotor
birth -2 years
Infants learn about their environment and develop early schemas (concepts) by using their senses to physically explore the world

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3
Q

Stage 2 of Piaget’s cognitive development…

A

Pre-operational
2 - 7 years
Children begin to control their environment by using symbolic behaviour (use representational words and drawings and pretend play)
Not yet able to think logically

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4
Q

Stage 3 of Piaget’s cognitive development…

A

Concrete operations
7 - 11 years
Children use practical resources to help them understand the world (e.g counters for maths)
Can classify, categorise and use logic to understand things they see

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5
Q

Stage 4 of Piaget’s cognitive development…

A

Formal operations
11 up to 18 years
Young people have capacity for abstract thought, rational thought and problem solving

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6
Q

What does Piaget’s schematic development theory explain?

A

How children use their experiences to construct their understanding of the world around them

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7
Q

Piaget’s schematic development theory

A

Assimilation: child constructs understanding or concept (schema)
Equilibrium: the child’s experience fits with their schema
Disequilibrium: new experience disturbs child’s schema
Accommodation: child’s understanding (schema) changes to take account of the new experience

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8
Q

Adults and children think the same?

A

NO

Piaget thought children think differently to adults

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9
Q

What did Piaget’s conservation test show?

A

The stage when children begin to reason and think logically

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10
Q

What does Piaget’s test show?

A
  • children under 7 can’t conserve -they can’t think about more than one aspect of a situation at one time
  • by the operational stage at age 7, children can think logically so understand water quantity stays the same even if you change the shape of the container
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11
Q

What does conservation refer to?

A

Children’s understanding that the amount remains the same even when the container’s shape changes

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12
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Where a child cannot see something from another point of view

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13
Q

Which test did Piaget do to prove his egocentrism theory?

A

Swiss mountain test

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14
Q

Criticisms of Piaget’s thoughts on a child’s ability to think…

A
  • Piaget sometimes underestimated children’s rate of development
  • children can develop more advanced concepts with support
  • some children can see things from other POVs before age 7
  • children can be given experiences to help them move through the stages at a faster rate
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15
Q

What is attachment?

A

Emotional bond formed between infants and young children and their main caregiver

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16
Q

Bowlby’s theory of attachment

A
  • infants are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments
  • attachment to caregiver is essential
  • disruptions to attachment have negative impact on development
  • attachment to primary caregiver is a model for future attachments
  • infancy is a critical period for developing attachments
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17
Q

Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment

A

human infants take longer to form a bond than newborn animals

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18
Q

Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment

A

asocial stage: respond to any caregiver (0-3 mths)

indiscriminate stage: shows preference for primary care giver but accepts care from others

specific stage: separation anxiety + fearful of strangers

multiple attachments: develop attachments with others who respond to them (e.g. grandparents)

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19
Q

Mary Ainsworth classified attachments into three types based on…

A

a study of children’s reactions when parted from a parent

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20
Q

Secure attachment…

Mary Ainsworth

A
  • parent is in tune with child and their emotions

- infant shoes distress when caregiver leaves, greets them when they return; seek comfort when upset

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21
Q

Insecure / avoidant attachment…

Mary Ainsworth

A
  • parent is unavailable to child/rejects them

- infant doesn’t show distress when caregiver leaves; may go to strangers for comfort; continue to explore environment

22
Q

Insecure / resistant attachment…

Mary Ainsworth

A
  • parent is inconsistent in meeting child’s needs
  • infant shows distress when caregiver leaves but resists contact on their return
  • infant shows anxiety and insecurity
23
Q

What can disrupted attachment cause?

A
  • anxiety
  • difficultly in forming relationships
  • depressive disorders
  • delinquency
  • learning disorders
24
Q

play in infancy and early childhood

A
  • all children play
  • infants start to play when only a few months old
  • play promotes PIES development
25
Stages of play
Solo play Parallel play Cooperative play
26
Solo play...
0-2 years Engrossed in own play May be aware of other children present but don’t attempt to play with them
27
Parallel play...
2-3 years Children play next to each other but are involved in own play Aware of other children and may copy them but don’t interact
28
Co-operative play...
3+ years Children play together, share and talk Share ideas and resources Interact and agree roles
29
Why is play important for children?
- develop vocabulary | - need language to communicate and negotiate during co-operative play
30
How do children in preoperational stage (2-7) learn best?
Exploratory play
31
What are formal relationships?
relationships between non-related individuals (e.g. colleagues) Positive formal relationships - good for self esteem
32
What are informal relationships?
built between individuals and family or significant people | strong informal relationships - promote contentment and confidence to deal with life events
33
What are intimate relationships?
Result in greater contentment, emotional security and positive self-image
34
Gesell’s maturation theory
- development is genetically determined from birth - biological process - pace of development may vary depending on physical and intellectual development
35
What did Gesell do?
Observed behaviours of children, then determined ‘norms’ - called them milestones The milestones describe children’s physical, social and emotional development (First person to use observation of children to understand their development)
36
Positives of gesell’s theory
- determined typical norms of development that are still used today - used advanced methodology in observations of behaviour of large numbers of children
37
Negatives of gesell’s theory
- didn’t consider influence of individual or cultural differences in children - believed the ‘norms’ of development he described were desirable
38
What does Bandura’s social learning theory suggest?
The way children behave is an interaction between personal and environmental factors Based on belief that learning happens through observing, imitating and modelling behaviours of others
39
Four principles of social learning
1. Attention: child learns when they focus their attention on a person ‘modelling’ behaviour 2. Retention: child retains what they have observed to be used when opportunity occurs 3. Reproduction: child imitates what they have observed 4. Motivation: child will be motivated to repeat/stop the behaviour, depending on intrinsic or extrinsic rewards
40
What is reinforcement?
When behaviour is repeated or resisted
41
What is positive reinforcement?
Behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction or rewards
42
What is negative reinforcement?
Behaviour is not repeated to avoid a lack of satisfaction or being told off (NOT THE SAME AS PUNISHMENT)
43
What is vicarious reinforcement?
- children may be motivated because the person or ‘model’ they observe gets satisfaction or positive feedback - may resist imitating an action if model receives negative feedback from the action
44
Bobo doll experiment
Designed by Bandura to show: - children would copy aggressive behaviour of another person - outcome for adult impacted on likelihood of child copying behaviour (Results showed exactly this)
45
Stress-diathesis model
- explains how stress caused by nurture can interact with an individual’s nature to impact on mental wellbeing
46
What is a diathesis?
A predisposition or vulnerability to mental disorder through abnormality of the brain or neurotransmitters
47
Holmes-Rahe social adjustment rating scale
- believed there was a relationship between psychological illness and stressful events - listed 43 life events individuals experience and scored them depending on level of stress it caused - patients indicated life events they had experienced and added up their scores Found there was a correlation between number of units (stressful events) and illness
48
Examples of Holmes and Rahe’s life events and their scores
Death of partner = 100 units Marriage = 50 units Retirement = 45 units Change of school = 20 units
49
Robert Havighurst’s activity theory:
- social and psychological needs of individuals remains the same - people need activity and social interaction - people continue to involve themselves in the community (Individuals can achieve healthy ageing through continued social activity)
50
Social disengagement theory:
based on belief that: - people naturally withdraw from socialising with age - society withdraws from older people - older people become more dependent - ageing can result in tranquility and be a positive development

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