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Health and Social Care > Human Lifespan Development (2) > Flashcards

Human Lifespan Development (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy relationships result in…

A
  • acceptance
  • trust
  • compromise
  • respect
  • responsibility
  • honesty
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2
Q

Unhealthy relationships result in…

A
  • stress
  • isolation
  • distrust
  • blame
  • low self-esteem
  • insecurity
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3
Q

Independence in infancy

A
  • depend on others for care

- play alone but like a familiar adult near by

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4
Q

Independence in early childhood

A
  • develop necessary skills to become independent in personal care
  • develop likes and dislikes
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5
Q

Independence in adolescence

A
  • enjoy more freedom, can make independent decisions but emotion may affect this ability
  • take responsibility for own actions but influenced by others
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6
Q

Independence in early adulthood

A
  • may live with parents but is independent
  • make own decisions about personal life and career
  • often a time for relationships, marriage and family
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7
Q

Independence in middle adulthood

A
  • increasingly independent

- increased freedom with life changes (e.g. children leave home)

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8
Q

Independence in later adulthood

A
  • make own decisions
  • may have financial constraint if relying on state pension
  • changes in capacity may reduce ability to make own decisions
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9
Q

Independence is influenced by…

A
  • stage of emotional development
  • physical disability
  • health
  • culture
  • stage of social development
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10
Q

What is peer pressure?

A

Person or group influencing an individual to change their behaviour, values or beliefs so they conform to a peer group

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11
Q

Negative behaviours due to peer pressure…

A
  • smoking, alcohol, drugs
  • truancy
  • bullying
  • vandalising
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12
Q

Positive behaviours due to peer pressure…

A
  • studying
  • learning a new skill
  • safe sex
  • taking part in sports
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13
Q

What is nature?

A

Influences of inherited features of development

Children have inherited skills, abilities and behaviours from parents

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14
Q

What is nurture?

A

Influence of environment

Based on assumption that characteristics are acquired and can be shaped through experiences

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15
Q

Nature vs nurture:

A

Debate whether children are influenced more by nurture or nature

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16
Q

What are genes?

A

Sets of instructions to cells that determine growth and development
Inherit 23 pairs or chromosomes which contain genes

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17
Q

Dominant genes…

A

Needs only one to be passed on by one parent for offspring to develop condition

(e.g. brittle bone disease)

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18
Q

Recessive genes…

A

Must be passed on from both parents for offspring to develop condition
(e.g. cystic fibrosis)

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19
Q

biological factors affecting development

A

Mothers lifestyle:

  • poor diet
  • drug use
  • alcohol use
  • smoking
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20
Q

Effects of poor lifestyle choices during pregnancy:

A
  • low birth weight
  • premature birth
  • long-term health problems
  • developmental delay
  • congenital detects (defects in developing foetus)
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21
Q

Symptoms of foetal alcohol syndrome:

A
  • small head circumference
  • neurological problems
  • abnormal growth
  • developmental delay
  • facial abnormalities
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22
Q

Factors contributing to congenital anomalies

A
  • genetic (e.g. down’s syndrome)
  • nutritional (e.g. folate deficiency)
  • environmental (e.g. maternal exposure to chemicals, alcohol, tobacco)
  • infections (e.g. rubella resulting in deafness)
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23
Q

factors affecting human growth and development

A
  • inherited
  • environmental
  • social
  • economic
  • biological
  • life events
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24
Q

How does pollution happen?

A

When harmful substances contaminate atmosphere

Taken into body via nose, mouth or through skin

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25
Q

Outdoor pollutants include…

A
  • traffic fumes
  • domestic fumes
  • industry
  • pesticides
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26
Q

Indoor pollutants include…

A
  • cleaning chemicals
  • aerosols
  • cigarette smoke
  • mould/bacteria
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27
Q

Possible effects of poor housing conditions…

A
  • inadequate heating: hypothermia
  • lack of outdoor space: cardiovascular problems
  • poor sanitation: risk of infection
  • poor ventilation/mould/damp: respiratory disorders
  • overcrowding: anxiety/depression
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28
Q

Barrier to accessing services: service availability

A
  • services not available in some geographical areas
  • may be restrictions on services
  • pressure on services - increased demand
  • waiting times affected by lack of availability
  • lack of public transport to get to and from services
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29
Q

Barrier to accessing services:

individuals circumstances

A
  • mobility difficulties restrict physical access
  • learning difficulties impact on understanding of services
  • personal circumstances can make attending services difficult
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30
Q

Characteristics of a dysfunctional family:

A
  • needs of members aren’t met
  • members display negativity towards each other
  • abuse may occur
  • sibling rivalry
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31
Q

Reasons for family dysfunction:

A
  • parents perpetuate own dysfunctional upbringing
  • untreated mental illness in family members
  • substance abuse by one or more family members
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32
Q

Effects of parental divorce or separation:

A
  • guilt
  • isolation
  • stress
  • psychological problems
  • health problems
  • increased likelihood of substance use
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33
Q

Authoritative parenting style:

A
  • children are accepted for who they are
  • mutual love and respect
  • children have high self-esteem
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34
Q

Permissive parenting style:

A
  • parents don’t attempt to control behaviour

- children may be impulsive and have difficulties building friendships

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35
Q

Authoritarian parenting style:

A
  • parents assert authority
  • children are controlled
  • children may have poor social skills and low self-esteem
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36
Q

Disengaged parenting style:

A
  • parents are neglectful and show lack of interest
  • poor attachment
  • children have low confidence and hide their emotions
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37
Q

Types of bullying:

A
  • verbal (use words to hurt - name calling, racist/sexist comments, ridiculing)
  • physical (hitting, kicking, damaging others’ belongings)
  • emotional (causing psychological hurt - spreading rumours, excluding, ignoring)
  • cyber bullying (sending hurtful texts, posting hurtful comments online, sharing personal information)
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38
Q

Short-term effects of bullying:

A
  • stress/anxiety
  • withdrawal from school, work and activities
  • low self-esteem
  • poor self-image
  • eating disorders
39
Q

Long-term effects of bullying:

A
  • difficulties in forming relationships
  • poor academic achievement
  • substance misuse
  • self-harm
  • increased risk of suicide
40
Q

What do culture, community and beliefs influence?

A
  • lifestyle
  • personal values
  • diet
  • relationships
41
Q

Economic factors:

A
  • income and expenditure (persons income and wealth)
  • education (stages reached and achievement)
  • employment status
  • lifestyle and health (ability to afford healthy diets or access exercise facilities)
42
Q

Effects of physical factors

A

+ manual jobs improve muscle tone
+ regular exercise to keep systems and joints healthy

  • manual jobs cause muscular and skeletal problems
  • desk jobs can cause lack of exercise - obesity
43
Q

Effect of intellectual factors

A

+ working or being in education improves skills
+ exercise promotes cognitive development

  • out of work may make memory deteriorate
44
Q

Effect of emotional factors

A

+ high status job-positive self-esteem and self-image
+ adequate income provides opportunities

  • unemployment gives negative self-image
  • poor health due to lifestyle leads to lack of choice and independence
  • concerns about unemployment may lead to stress
45
Q

Effect of social factors

A

+ being in education provides opportunities to develop friendships

  • low income or unemployment gives fewer opportunities for building relationships
  • poor lifestyle may lead to breakdown in relationships
46
Q

What are predictable life events?

A

Events likely to happen to most people (e.g. starting school or work)
Often have positive effects such as building self-esteem, develop confidence, further learning
Changes can still cause anxiety-may affect health

47
Q

What are unpredictable life events?

A

Life events that are not expected (e.g. accident or serious illness)
Happen with little or no warning-can’t be prepared for

48
Q

Life events might cause…

A
  • headaches/migraines
  • mental health problems
  • high blood pressure
  • stress/sleeping difficulties
  • heart and digestive problems
49
Q

What can extreme stress from life events cause?

A

serious mental and physical problems

50
Q

Changes in the heart with ageing

A
  • heart may increase in size-heart well thickens so more difficult for heart muscles to relax and fill with blood between beats
  • pacemaker cells decrease
  • artery walls narrow-clogged by fats so prevents blood flow
  • heart valves that control blood flow become thicker and stiffer
51
Q

Changes in heart increase the likelihood of…

A
  • angina
  • high blood pressure
  • heart murmurs
  • strokes
  • heart attack
  • heart failure
52
Q

Health factors that exacerbate heart disease

A
  • diabetes
  • genetic inheritance
  • high cholesterol
  • high blood pressure
  • obesity
53
Q

Lifestyle factors that increase risk of cardiovascular disease

A
  • alcohol
  • smoking
  • diet high in salt
  • diet high in saturated fats
  • lack of exercise
54
Q

Negative effects of cardiovascular disease in later life

A
  • loss of independence
  • anxiety about health
  • depression
  • frustration
  • reduced mobility
55
Q

Positive effects of cardiovascular disease in later life

A
  • closer relationships with family members and friends

- choosing to improve lifestyle

56
Q

Degeneration of nervous tissue causes…

A
  • increased reaction times
  • decline in short-term memory
  • effects on senses
  • reduction in reflexes and movement
  • difficulty receiving and processing information
57
Q

What may cause degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of neurones from structures of the brain that control movement

58
Q

What area of the brain does Parkinson’s affect?

A

Substantia nigra

59
Q

Physical effects of Parkinson’s

A
  • mobility: slowness of movement and muscle stiffness

- tremor: uncontrollable shaking, begins in hand and arm

60
Q

Cognitive effects of Parkinson’s

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • impairment in thinking and problem solving
61
Q

Degeneration of taste with age:

A
  • number of taste buds decreases (reduces enjoyment of food so may result in poor diet)
  • production of saliva decreases (affects taste and enjoyment of food)
  • ability to smell decreases
62
Q

Degeneration of sight with age:

A
  • vision becomes less sharp
  • cataracts may develop (clouds vision)
  • peripheral vision deteriorates
  • eye muscles weaken (reduces field of vision)
63
Q

Degeneration of touch with age:

A
  • less sensitive to temperature (lead to burns, frostbite or hypothermia)
  • reduced sensitivity to injury
  • increased sensitivity to touch (can cause bruising)
  • skin is more sensitive to sun (sunburn or skin cancer)
64
Q

Degeneration of bearing with age:

A
  • fluid-filled tubes in inner ear (maintain balance) become affected (prone to dizziness or falls)
  • ability to hear high frequency sounds deteriorates
  • distinguishing between sounds is more difficult
65
Q

Degeneration of sense organs can cause…

A
  • low self-image
  • isolation
  • reduced opportunities for socialising
  • anxiety and depression
  • loss of independence
  • difficultly participating in leisure activities (e.g. reading)
66
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A
  • swelling and pain in joints
  • damage to soft tissue around joints
  • difficultly walking
  • difficultly climbing stairs
67
Q

Risk of osteoarthritis is increased by…

A
  • being over age 40
  • injury to joints
  • genetic inheritance
  • obesity
  • being female
  • joint abnormality
68
Q

What is the reduction of absorption of nutrients caused by?

A
  • reduced production of gastric hydrochloric acid (prevents breakdowns of fat, protein and carbs)
  • deterioration of function of digestive organs
69
Q

What is dementia?

A

term used to describe symptoms associated with damage to function of brain (such as memory loss)

70
Q

Facts about dementia

A
  • strokes can cause it
  • lifestyle factors (smoking) increase risk of strokes
  • risk increased with age
  • dementia is a progressive disease (more damage over time)
71
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • most common cause of dementia
  • mainly effects people 65+ years
  • plaques and tangles build up in brain>leads to shortage of chemicals in brain>affects transmission of signals
72
Q

Early stage of Alzheimer’s

A
  • decline in short term memory
  • difficultly completing routine tasks
  • impairment in thinking
73
Q

Later stage of Alzheimer’s

A
  • language impairment
  • lack of judgement
  • emotional outbursts
  • changes in behaviour
74
Q

Final stage of Alzheimer’s

A
  • unable to recognise family members
  • almost total loss of memory
  • unable to feed or care for self
  • lack of control of bodily functions
  • death
75
Q

Support for early stage of Alzheimer’s

A
  • medication
  • informal help with daily tasks
  • memory clinics
76
Q

Support for later stage of Alzheimer’s

A
  • respite care
  • medication
  • support in home with personal care
77
Q

Support for final stage of Alzheimer’s

A
  • residential/hospice care
  • personal care
  • end-of-life care
78
Q

Physical effects of illness in ageing:

A
  • body less able to fight infection
  • lost mobility
  • reduce stamina
  • affects senses (less sharp)
79
Q

Intellectual effects of illness in ageing:

A
  • short term memory loss
  • affect decision-making skills
  • cause difficulties in verbal communication
80
Q

Emotional effects of illness in ageing:

A
  • emotional distress
  • dependent on others for care
  • feel out of control
  • result in low self-esteem
81
Q

Social effects of illness in ageing:

A
  • reduced opportunities to socialise
  • affects ability to communicate in groups
  • impact on neural capacity (makes socialising difficult)
82
Q

Lifestyle choices to exacerbate impact of ill health in ageing

A

Healthy diet - additional nutrients to reduce decline in health
Exercise - keeps joints mobile and maintains muscle strength
Drugs - may control illness (recreational drugs negatively affect mood and intellectual development)

83
Q

Social changes with ageing:

A

Retirement - low self esteem as feel you lack purpose, but increases leisure time
Losing own home - affects security and contentment
Reduced mobility- reduce wellbeing and cause cognitive decline
Loss of independence- feel hopeless

84
Q

Financial concerns with ageing:

A
  • less opportunity to socialise
  • less money to buy food
  • less money to pay for adequate heating
  • worry and stress over money and bills
85
Q

Loneliness in ageing:

A

Taking buses or driving makes older adults feel part of the community and reduce feelings of loneliness

86
Q

How can older people be supported to get satisfaction from life?

A

by encouraging:

  • involvement in new activities (hobbies)
  • planning of new goals
  • development of new relationships
  • decision-making and choices about their own care
87
Q

Provision for older people is needed for…

A
  • age-related diseases
  • loss of independence
  • loss of mobility
  • prevention or slowing of age-related disease
  • increased risk of falls/injury
88
Q

Types of provision available:

A
  1. Acute care: meeting immediate health needs (e.g. broken hip)
  2. Healthcare: medication, palliative care
  3. Social care: own home, day care or residential, assessing needs, personal care
  4. Community equipment: keep people mobile and independent in own homes
  5. Psychological care: counsellors
  6. Benefits: financial support, adaptions to home
  7. End-of-life care: pain relief, psychological support
89
Q

How are healthy older people helped to stay healthy?

A
  • health monitoring and screening
  • winter fuel and cold weather payments
  • provision of social/leisure activities
  • rehab after stay in hospital
  • occupational therapy
90
Q

What is formal health care?

A

Statutory
Private
Voluntary

91
Q

What is informal health care?

A

Provided by family, community or religious groups

92
Q

Impacts of % rise in older people on the economy

A
  • health and welfare: higher demand and increased costs
  • pension costs: less money for economic investment
  • housing: more retirement homes required - more cost
93
Q

Government responses to % rise in older people:

A
  • raised retirement age
  • easier for older people to stay in work/work part time
  • encourage people in work to take out private pensions
  • increase taxes to pay for state pensions
94
Q

Pressure on services due to::

A
  • advances in medicine mean people live longer
  • families less able/willing to care for older family members at home
  • increase in numbers of older people with chronic conditions

Health and Social Care (6 decks)

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